Discounted Cash Flow Techniques - 2294 Words

ANALYSIS FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 10TH Edition Robert C. Higgins Additional Problems Chapter 7 – Discounted Cash Flow Techniques page 247 A brief tutorial on Excel financial functions (problems to follow) You may find the following Excel, built-in financial functions helpful when analyzing the problems below. (To access these functions, select Insert, Functions, and choose Financial.) =PV(rate, nper, pmt, fv, type) returns the present value of a series of cash flows. =FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) returns the future value of a series of cash flows. =PMT(rate, nper, pv, fv, type) calculates the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.†¦show more content†¦He presents this as obvious proof of gouging on the part of the money changers. Do you agree? Why, why not? 5) In 1984, the city council of the town of Patterson agreed that their community badly in need of a modern hotel that would cost approximately $25 million. To finance construction members of the council organized the Patterson Hotel Corporation. Through strenuous promotion they raised $15 million by selling 15,000 shares of stock at $1,000 per share. They secured the other $10 million necessary to build the hotel as a loan provided by a local bank on a 10 year, 14 percent mortgage that called for uniform annual payments sufficient to pay interest and to extinguish the debt at the end of 10 years. Upon completion, the Patterson Hotel Corporation leased the hotel to a national company that operated a chain of hotels. The lease ran for 30 years and contained a clause permitting the lessee to purchase the hotel for $10 million at the end of the 30-year period. The lessee agreed to furnish the hotel and pay all taxes (including income taxes) and operating expenses, and was to meet the interest and repayment obligations on the mortgage during the first 10 years of the lease. During the last 20 years of the lease, the operating company agreed to make payments sufficient to permit annual dividends of $400 per share. No payments at all were to be made to the stockholders during the first 10 years. This was the most favorable operatingShow MoreRelatedJet Blue Case Ipo1175 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol of management and is expensive. There are Free Cash Flow techniques and relative valuation techniques that we can use to value Jetblue’s share, however we are going to use the Free Cash Flow technique for this case as this is an IPO and the company had no history whatsoever that we can rely on except by using its similar competitor statistics and assumptions to value Jetblue. In conclusion, we have calculated that using Free Cash Flow technique, the share price is $57 and therefore the currentRead MoreValuation Is The Price Of Everything, But The Value Of Nothing1646 Words   |  7 Pagesan effect on corporate decisions, including projects to develop and where to find funds, and on the dividend policy. In such a way to study the topic, we will discuss first the Net Asset Value and its advantages and disadvantages, then the Discounted cash flow method and to finish the dividend discount model. The net asset value (NAV) method measures the value of a fund’s assets. It enables investors to analyse a fund’s performance market and industry standards such as Moody’s. The NAV is theRead MoreEssay on Capital 20Budget 20Analysis 20Group 20P1648 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with the different sale ranges. Keywords: NPV, NPV Profile, NPV, IRR, multiple IRRs, ranking conflict of NPV vs. IRR, payback period, profitability index, discount rate, cost of capital concept, cash flow analysis, cash flow timeline, conventional cash flow stream, non-conventional cash flow stream, sunk cost, opportunity cost, independent projects, mutually exclusive projects Overview of the Capital Budgeting Process Every business requires some source of funds to maintain operationRead MoreQuestions On Financial Concepts On Valuation1717 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four main parts in the manager’s work box for investment valuation opportunities.  ¬ Net Present Values  ¬ Accounting rated of return  ¬ Real Options  ¬ Payback rules NPV implement require estimates of appropriate discount rate and expected cash flows. And there’s the rub. This is only of use of information at the time of assessment. NPV method was first time developed for bonds value. Little investors in bonds can do it for alternative the final principal paid or yield rate and coupon they receiveRead MoreJetblue Ipo Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages(transparency) * IPO expenses | * Liquidity of stock increases | * Owner restricted to immediate cash-out | * Easier to raise capital in the future | * Sharing of future earnings with outsiders | | * Legal liability | Exhibit A in the appendix outlines some additional key advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical part of the process. In both fixed price and book building offersRead MoreGuillermo Furniture Analysis1411 Words   |  6 Pagesalternatives Guillermo Furniture may use and will include a sensitivity analysis. Financial and valuation topics covered will include net present value (NPV) and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and will discuss how these alternatives, or techniques, are used to reduce risk. Guillermo Navallez is the successful owner of Guillermo Furniture for many years now. Located in Sonora, Mexico, Guillermos store is specialized in custom made chairs, tables, and many other handcrafted productsRead MorePrince S.A.: valuation of a cross border joint-venture Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesmulti-currency cash flows, currency risk and political risk being taken into account in our valuation model? 4. What is the relevant cost of capital for Jersey? For R.T. Nakit? Can they be different? Why? 5. What is the Dinar (Pound) value of the joint venture R.T. Nakit (jersey)? What are the project’s value drivers? 1- The data presented on exhibit 3.7 is, indeed following some of the assumptions stated on exhibit 3.1: minimum cash level is 10% of total assets, which was proved by dividing cash by totalRead MoreCost of Capital Using Discounted Cash Flow Approach1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn finance, the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company or asset using the concepts of time value of money (Wikipedia, 2004). Three inputs are required to use the DCF, also called dividend-yield-plus-growth-rate approach, include: the current stock price, the current dividend, and the marginal investor’s expected dividend growth rate. The stock price and the dividend are east to obtain, but the expected growth rate is difficult to estimate (Ehrhardt BrighamRead MoreThe Issue Bonds Generally Go Through A Series Of Steps894 Words   |  4 Pagesdebt financing of capital investments. Leasing offers the use that is usually the option to obtain capital benefit. For ot her cooperatives, certain changes in the economy might give strength to cooperatives to try to distinguish and to advance both cash flow and profit accomplishment through the use of long-term capital leasing plans. 3. Discuss the two major types of leases. There are two type of leases the operating and the capital. Operating leases is sometimes called a service lease that generallyRead MoreValuation of Kia Motors2358 Words   |  10 Pages Date: Jan 30, 2013 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Valuation Methodology 2 2.1. Discounted Cash Flow 2 2.2. Terminal Value 3 2.3. Weighted Average Cost of Capital 3 2.3.1 Cost of Equity 4 2.3.2 Cost of Debt 4 2.4. Free Cash Flow 4 3. Calculation of WACC for Kia motors 5 4. Calculation of Free Cash Flow for Kia motors 5 5. Estimation of the value for Kia motors at the end of 2011 6 6. Conclusion 6 References 7 Appendix -1 8

Sociology Internal Assessment - 2451 Words

Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment 2011 | Student Name: Kadeesha Rianna Alexander | | Class: Form Six (6) Upper Modern Studies | Centre Number: 160002Registration Number: 1600020930 | 4/28/2011 | | Table of Contents Introduction and Purpose of Research Literature Review Data Collection Sources Presentation of Findings Interpretation of Findings Discussion Conclusion/Limitations of the Research/Recommendations Bibliography Appendices Introduction A.S.J.A. Girls’ College, San Fernando started off as a school where students gained entry on a private level and was located at†¦show more content†¦Like Durkheim, Malinoski (1954) see religion as reinforcing social norms and values and promoting social solidarity. Conversely, he does not see religion as reflecting a society as a whole and its rituals as the worship of society. He believes that emotional stress for example, death, threatens social solidarity and anxiety and tension tend to disrupt social life. * In Tischler (2004) from the Conflict Theory Perspective, Karl Marx stated that the dominant ideas of each age have always been the ideas of the ruling class hence; the dominant religion of the society is that of the ruling class. He states that religion of the society is that of the ruling class. He states that religion is a tool used by the upper class to control the minds of the lower class. He referred to it as the â€Å"opiate of the masses† which t ranslates that religion keeps conformity to the ruling class by making opposition to the laws of the ruling class seems religiously immoral. Reference could be made to political or religious leaders that teach their followers to show contentment with â€Å"eating little and living long† whilst they are satisfied with extravagant living obtained from the hard work and pockets of the poorer masses. However, the ruling class does not have full power over the working class since they may not always obey the laws. Like the Marxist, Caribbean sociologists share different views about religion and its functions since the society isShow MoreRelatedWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 Pageshealth psychology, neuropsychology, counseling psychology or occupational psychology etc. However, clinical psychology and counseling psychology are the two main aspects which focusing on emotional problems. Clinical Psychology is mainly focusing on assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders. It often works in a medical setting. However, Clinical psychologists are not doctors as they cannot provide medicine service for patients. Beside mental health, clinical psychologists alsoRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 Pagesto the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affecting the organization. The formula for success in business as noted by Millstein et al. (1998, p.7) requires two elements including the external environment and the individual. Major scholarsRead MoreOld Age And Aging : Conclusion From The Berlin Aging Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesabout old age and aging and in contras t using new questions and findings from BASE, the correct response was revealed. Additionally, these findings were classified in line with the different related main disciplines –Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Psychiatry, Psychology, Sociology and Social Policy. They examined whether certain groups of older people or patterns of aging can be distinguished. Finally, in the light of BASE findings, they considered whether current images of old age are too positiveRead MoreThe Concept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance Essays1127 Words   |  5 Pagessociety; deviance in sociology can be viewed as criminal or non-criminal. Those violations can vary from ones participation in alcoholism, excessive gambling, public nudity, arson (playing with fire), theft, lying, and refusal to maintain proper hygiene (refusal to bathe). Other acts of deviance can include; prostitution and engaging in sexual activity with members of the same sex. Because ones behavior can be determined as a crime from one society to another; understanding sociology allows a better understandingRead MoreTeaching Theories Within The Classroom980 Words   |  4 Pagesher own views on the different teaching theories within the classroom. There are several circumstances that will be discussed in this paper such as purpose of schooling, nature of learners, curriculum, instructional methods, classroom management, assessment practices and professional relationships with family and community. These are based off of research and philosophy of special education of the author’s beliefs. Purpose of Schooling The purpose of schooling is to allow students to be more awareRead MoreAnalysis Of The Roy Adaptation Model ( Ram ) Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagestheorist. Sister Callista Roy, PhD, RN, FAAN currently holds the position of professor and nursing theorist at Boston College Connell School of Nursing. Roy held master’s degrees in pediatric nursing and sociology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and also held doctoral degree in sociology. She completed post doc in neuroscience at University of California, San Francisco (Boston College Connell School of Nursing, 2016). Roy is well-known and most highly recognized a living nurse theoristRead MoreBackground Of Roy Adaptation Model ( Ram )1495 Words   |  6 Pagestheorist. Sister Callista Roy, PhD, RN, FAAN currently holds the position of professor and nursing theorist at Boston College Connell School of Nursing. Roy held master’s degrees in pediatric nursing and sociology at University of California, Los Ange les (UCLA), and also held doctoral degree in sociology. She completed post doc in neuroscience at University of California, San Francisco (Boston College Connell School of Nursing, 2016). Roy is well-known and most highly recognized a living nurse theoristRead MoreSOCIOLOGY IA Final Kill2756 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Sociology Internal Assessment Name: Jevene Thomas Candidate Registration #: 100032 School Center: Ewarton High School School Center #: 100032 Territory: Jamaica Date Submitted: March 2015 Teacher’s Name: Mrs. Scott – Jackson Table of contents CHAPTER PAGE Acknowledgement II Introduction 1 – 2 Statement of Problem 3 Aim and Objectives 4 Literature Review 5 – 6 Research Design 7 Sample Selection 8 Data collection instrument 9 Presentation of Data 10 – 14 Analysis of Data 15 - 16 Finding 17 DiscussionRead MoreSample Resume : Nursing Theory1337 Words   |  6 Pagesaccordingly. Nursing theory can change nursing practice in all fields of nursing. ​Sister Callista Roy is an admired nursing theorist in the world today. Roy was born in Los Angeles, California in 1939. She earned various degrees nursing as well as in sociology. She worked as a staff nurse and in administration for many years, she later joined the faculty within the university and served as department chair. Sister Roy is best known for developing the Roy Adaptation Model as a framework for theory and practiceRead MoreInternational Accounting1598 Words   |  7 Pagestutes and assessment co-ordinated Recording of lectures - 2 hours Lectures each week (12 weeks + 1 review on week 13) - 90 minutes Tutorial each week –†¯ Discussion of weekly assignment and questions from previous week s lecture topic –†¯ Case Study †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Oral presentations (2/3 students each tutorial) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Judgement and Decision Making tasks (all students are expected to provide a written proof during the tutorial) AYB 311 - Dr Amedeo Pugliese Overview of AYB311: the assessment Assessment –†¯ Case

The Beastie Boys Anthology The Sounds of Science free essay sample

The Beastie Boys Anthology: The Sounds ofScience shouldnt be confused with a greatest hits album. Although it does contain many of their best songs, its more of an audio timeline of the band. This collection defines the group and how they got to be wherethey are. The two-disc album contains some of their early punk songsreminiscent of the New York hard-core bands of the late ?s and early ?s. Italso contains their textbook, old-school hip-hop sound that originated in NewYork in the early ?s. This sound is present on Slow and Low,Brass Monkey and the bands anthem, Fight for your Right. My favorite on the album is Three MCs and One DJ, which wasrecorded in one take with Mix Master Mike on the turntables and Mike D, Adrockand MCA rapping. This song is hip-hop boiled down to its purest form. Anothergreat track is Fatboy Slims remix of Body Movin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beastie Boys Anthology: The Sounds of Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He brings a technofeel to the song by remixing it like no one else could. This albumillustrates how the Beastie Boys were doing the whole rock/rap fusion nearly adecade before Limp Bizket and Korn came along. With songs likeSabotage, So Whatcha Want and RemoteControl, the band shows off their musical skills. Overall, this is agreat album and a must-have for any Beastie Boys fan.

Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non

Introduction This essay focuses on Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. Brown and Levinson developed this theory in 1987.The theory focuses on politeness strategies between native and non-native speakers in the context of Brown and Levinson politeness theory. In this essay, I will apply this framework to one data one part of the dataset collected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The data is from two interviews, one with a native speaker and one with a non native speaker. I have chosen this sort of data because it fits within the parameters of my framework and it has not been the subject of extensive research. Literature Review Politeness Concepts There are universal principles that govern human interaction and this awakening makes the politeness phenomenon t o be considered in this universality. The aspects of politeness are thus reflected in language. It has been found that however societies may be isolated from each other; they have an array of politeness elements governed by certain principles. But one should take care to imagine that what is considered polite runs through societies. However, what is considered polite differs from one society to the other. What is universal is the fact that is the fact that nearly all societies exhibit their elements of politeness in their language(brown Levinson 1987).Thus, although there have been notable confluences between politeness and the field of sociology, there have also been great strides made in the other fields of linguistics such as pragmatics, sociolinguistics etc. Roberts (1992) conceptualizes politeness from the notion of face saving. He notes that when people put the feelings of other people into consideration, the do it in such a way that they speak or put things across in a manner likely to greatly reduce the potential of threat in the interaction (Roberts 1992). On the other hand, Nordquist (2012) perceives politeness as exhibiting itself through deviation from that communication which is maximally efficient. In this context, Nordquist (1992) notes that â€Å"†¦to perform an act other than in the most clear and efficient manner possible is to implicate some degree of politeness on the part of the speaker† (p.1). Watts as cited by Abbas (n.d) argue that politeness as one that one that displays the natural attributes of a good character or rather the that capacity to please others through one’s external actions, thereby producing a kind of union between those characters and the individual, giving a more precise definition of politeness. Anglesa (n.d) states that politeness as a way through which languages express the social distance between speakers and their different role relationships, how face-work, that is, the attempt to establish, ma intain and save face during conversation is carried out in a speech community.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several scholars such as Hickley (1991) and Brown Levinson (1987) have gone to great lengths to differentiate politeness orientations within the context of different cultures (Anglesa n.d, p.1). In this context, several notions of politeness have emerged that is positive and negative politeness. According to Abbas (n.d), a positive politeness strategy is one that is directed to the addressee’s positive face, their perennial desire that their â€Å"wants-or the actions, acquisitions, values resulting from them-should be thought of as desirable† (p.15). Anglesa (n.d) concurs with Abbas by noting that positive politeness strategies always strive to show intimacy that occurs or arises between the speaker and the hearer. Kitamura (2000), notes that positive po liteness is usually expressed by satisfying positive face. This is done through indicating the similarities among interactants, and by expressing an appreciation of the self image of the interlocutor. On the other hand, negative politeness strategies constitute those strategies which stress on non-imposition upon the hearer and also express deference (Anglesa n.d). In this context, Abbas (n.d) notes that negative politeness attends to a person’s negative face needs and includes indirectness and apologies (p.17). Kitamura (2000) summarizes the concepts of negative politeness strategies by noting that how negative politeness can be expressed in two ways: 1) by saving the interlocutor’s face (either negative or positive face) by mitigating face threatening acts, such as advice-giving and disapproval; or 2) by satisfying negative face by indicating respect for addressee’s right not to be imposed on. Overview of the politeness theories and principles Before discussin g the Brown Levinson politeness theories, it is critical to discuss several approaches to politeness. These approaches either compete or offer building blocks to the Brown Levinson politeness theory. Such approaches include â€Å"†¦the theory of politeness principle, Grice’s cooperative principle, Leech’s maxims of politeness, and Sperber Wilson’s relevance theory† (Abbas n.d, p.5). Davies (2000) views Grice’s cooperative principle is an assumed basic concept in pragmatics. Hughes (n.d) defines Grice’s cooperative principle as the assumption that we make when speaking to one another is that we are trying to cooperate with one another in order to construct worthy and meaningful conversations. Grice as cited by Davies (2000) formally states the cooperative principle in the following way. â€Å"Make your contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which yo u are engaged† (Davies 2000, p.2). Cooperation in the context of Grice’s cooperative principle â€Å"†¦is a term used in linguistic literature to characterise human behaviour in a conversation† (Davies 2000, p.1)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are four maxims that are postulated by the Grice’s cooperative principles including quantity, quality, relation, and manner maxims. The quantity maxim requires one to be truthful by not uttering what lacks required evidence and whatever that is false (Heron 2010, p.2). The relation maxim is concerned about the relevance of the content. The quantity maxim requires one not to say more or less than what is necessary (Heron 2010, p.2). The manner maxims require one to avoid obscurity and ambiguit y (Heron 2010, p.2). According to the University of Rome (UoR) (2012), Leech â€Å"†¦defines politeness as a type of behaviours that allows the participants to engage in social interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony† (p.2). Leech proposed several politeness maxims which have varying degrees of importance. According to UoR (2012), the Leech’s maxims include tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. Universidad de Zaragoza (n.d) summarized Leech’s maxims in the following ways Tact maxim: minimise cost to other; (maximise benefit to other) Generosity maxim: minimise benefit to self; (maximise cost to self) Approbation maxim: minimise dispraise of other Agreement maxim: minimise disagreement between self and other Sympathy maxim: minimise antipathy between self and other (Zaragoza n.d, p.1)Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Sperber Wilson’s relevance theory is based on a definition of relevance and two principles of relevance. These include a cognitive principle (that human cognition is geared to the maximisation of relevance), and a communicative principle that utterances create expectations of optimal relevance (Wilson Sperber, 2002). Brown Levinson politeness theory In order to understand the theory of politeness and face, it is mandatory to understand the vocabularies associated with the theory. In this context, the introductory part of this essay will concentrate on the definitions of basic terminologies associated with the theory of politeness and face. Some of the terminologies that will be discussed include face, positive face, negative face, politeness, face threatening acts and model persons, among others. One of the major underlying assumptions of the Brown Levinson politeness theory is the existence of the model person taking part in a conversation. Brown Levinson as cited b y Kwon Ha (2009) defined â€Å"†¦Model Persons as agents fulfilling the linguistic politeness† (p.3). Pikor-Niedzialek (2005) perceives a model person as â€Å"†¦a wilful and fluent speaker of a natural language, endowed with two special properties-rationality and face† (p.108). In this context, the model person is assumed to be inherited with two specific features that include Rationality and Face† (Kwon Ha, 2009). The model person can be seen as the embodiment of universally valid human social characteristics and principles of social reasoning. These principles behind social reasoning can be perceived as rational. More specifically, Kwon Ha (2009) define rationality in the context of model person as the â€Å"†¦ability to choose appropriate means to meet their (social) goals† (p.3). In this sense, model person will always act in a rational way and make appropriate (linguistic) choices when s/he wants to achieve particular goals (Kwon H a 2009, p.3). When individuals try to create certain impressions to their hearers (create face), there are certain acts that impede on the achievement of such impressions. Such acts are generally referred to as Face Threatening Acts (FTAs). Brown Levinson as cited by Nall (n.d) defined FTAs as acts and strategies which could harm or threaten the positive or negative face of one’s interlocutors (p.1).According to Wagner (2002), Brown Levinson utilized FTAs using â€Å"†¦two basic parameters:(1) whose face is being threatened (the speaker’s or the addressee’s), and (2) Which type of face is being threatened (positive- or negative –face).† (p.22). Wagner (2002) gives several FTAs threatening a positive or negative face. In this context, Wagner (2002) argue that acts that threaten an addressee’s positive face include those acts in which a speaker demonstrates that he/she does not approve or support the addressee’s positive face or self image (p.22). According to Brown Levinson as cited by Fukada Asato (2003), there are five strategies of alleviating FTAs. These strategies include â€Å"†¦ (1) Without redressive action (2) by positive politeness (3) by negative politeness (4) by going off record; and (5) by not doing the FTA† (Fukada Asato 2003, p.2). In the context of FTA alleviation strategies, Longscope (n.d) groups such strategies under positive or negative politeness as part of alleviation of FTAs with redressive action. In order to enhance the knowledge on FTAs alleviation, Longscope (n.d) defines the concepts of â€Å"on record† and â€Å"off record† in the context of FTAs. Longscope (n.d) opines that â€Å"†¦the term on record is used when an expression has one unambiguously attributable intention in which witnesses would concur† (p.71). There are three factors used in the determination of the seriousness of the FTAs that is â€Å"(1) the social distance (D) of the speaker (S) and hearer (H); (2) the relative power (P) of (S) and (H); and (3) the absolute ranking (R) of the imposition in the particular culture† (Wagner 2002, p.2). According to Brown Levinson as cited by Fukada Asato (2003), there is a formula for evaluating the serious of a Face Threatening Act (x) based on the three factors. The following formula was proposed by Brown Levinson for use in the evaluation of the seriousness of FTAs. â€Å"Seriousness X= Distance (S, H) + Power (H, S) + Rank of imposition (x)† (Wagner 2002, p.2). Power (P) is a factor that Brown Levinson have greatly used. This means that power differentials play a great role in politeness. That is, individuals with lower relative power are usually predetermined to use larger politeness elements in discourse. There is a great correlation between the superiors and subordinates employ elements of politeness in speech acts. So subordinates may use far more laborious constructions while addressin g their superiors as in the sentence: Excuse me, I was wondering if you could grant me an opportunity for an interview? From the sentence one can see that power as a function of politeness does vary greatly. The same applies to the social distance (D).Negative tactics that do play a greater role in establishing this distance between both the hearer and the speaker. Brown Levinson do feel that humans use speech acts do play an important role in politeness strategies. There are on-record speech acts and off-record speech acts as the one in the sentence: Have you got money? One can see that here the speech acts refer to what the action they want performed in a peculiar way. Requests on the other hand clearly serve as good examples of face threatening acts since they show the speaker’s expectation for an action to be performed. This means that whatever is requested is to be on the speaker’s behalf. Thus, speech acts do constitute several parts such as locutionary act which is a communicative act; illocutionary act, which reflects speaker’s intention and perlocutionary act which shows the effect a speech act has on the world of the participant’s context. Ranking of imposition equally plays a crucial role in politeness. It can be seen that some impositions have been found to be greater than others. This is why requests have been considered to be of high imposition threats. Since they demand more redress to lower their threat level. Central to the Brown Levinson politeness theory are the actions of the Model Person (MP). In this context, the actions of MP are summarized as as threefold: (1) as a reference model for the description of culture –specific styles of verbal interaction; as a means of characterizing, (2) the ‘ethos’ of a culture and subculture, and (3) the affective quality of social relationships (p.109).Brown Levinson politeness theory is derived from various arguments that Brown Levinson made in their va rious works. In this context, Fukada Asato (2003) notes that â€Å"†¦Brown Levinson argue that every member of the society has a face, which is defined as one’s public self-image, and when the speaker decides to commit an act which potentially causes the hearer (or the speaker) to lose face, the speaker will tend to use a politeness strategy in order to minimize risk† (p.1). Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) summarizes the key Brown Levinson universal politeness theory concepts in the following way. (1) All MPs have positive face and negative face, and all MPs are rational  agents – i.e. choose means that will satisfy their ends. (2) Given that face consists in sets of wants satisfable (sic) only by the actions of others, it will in general be to the mutual interest of two MP’s not to threaten each other’s face. (3) Some acts intrinsically threaten face; these ‘face-threatening acts’ are referred to as FTA’ s. (4) S (speaker) wi ll want to minimize the face threat of the FTA. (5) The greater the risk of an FTA, the more S will want to choose a higher numbered strategy (from the set of strategies at his disposal to minimize face risk) (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.109). There are several ways of demonstrating either positive or negative politeness strategies. Brown Levinson as cited by Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) identified â€Å"†¦15 sub strategies of positive politeness and 10 of negative politeness† (p.109). These 15 subcategories of politeness include: 1. Notice, attended to (H) (his interests, wants, needs, goods), 2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H), 3. Intensify interest to (H), 4.distinction of identity, 5.Arrive at consensus, 6. Be a team player, 7.Presuppose, raise, and assert common ground, 8. Joke, 9. Assert, presuppose S’s knowledge of, and concern for H’s wants, 10. Offer, promise, 11. Be optimistic, 12. Include both (S) and (H) in the activity, 13. Give (or a sk for) reasons, 14.Assume or assert reciprocity, 15. Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation). The sub strategies of negative politeness Brown and Levinson (1987:131) include the following: 1. Be conventionally indirect, 2. Question, hedge, 3. Be pessimistic, 4. Minimize the imposition FTA, 5. Give deference, 6. Apologize, 7.avoid personalization of (S) and (H), 8. Generalize FTA, 9. Nominalize, 10. Accept liability (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.110). There are several assumptions made in the context of Brown Levinson politeness theory. Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) enumerates basic assumptions that support the Brown Levinson universal politeness theory in the following way. (i)’face’, consists of (a) negative face: free from inhibition (b) positive face: the positive, consistent self-image or ‘personality’ (Crucially including the desire for this self – to be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants. (ii) Certain rational capacities, in particular consistent modes of reasoning from ends to the means that will achieve those ends.(Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.109). Criticism of the theory Several scholars have over the years criticized Brown Levinson theory. Some of these scholars include Liao, Watts et al., and Kasper amongst others (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005). These criticisms have been summarized by Escandell-Vidal and Meier amongst others (Pikor-Niedziakel, 2005). According to Pikor-Niedziakel (2005), criticism to Brown Levinson theory are conceptualized along the universality of the politeness principles and the distinction between positive and negative politeness. On the other hand, Hickey Orta (n.d) perceive the criticisms of the Brown Levinson politeness theory from four dimensions. Both situational and and cultural contexts miss in Brown Levinson theory. There is also the problem emanating from the rigidity of the politeness scale as placed in relation to the various sociological variables. One c an see that Brown and Levinson’s list of strategies of politeness only cover simple goal oriented interactions. These include interactions such as asking to borrow something from the next person. This theory seems to ignore that in real discourse such single utterances only form part of larger exchanges between two or even more interractants. Issues such as back channelling are totally given a wide berth by the theory. Further, Brown and Levinson seem to ignore the fact that some conversations are usually casual and do not necessarily involve a predetermined goal. One of the scholars who questioned the universality of the Brown Levinson politeness theory is Blum-Kulka (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272).Blum-Kulka based her criticism of the Brown Levinson theory on her study of the Hebrew language. In contrast to the Brown Levinson politeness provisions, Blum-Kulka notes that â€Å"†¦for Israelis a certain adherence to the pragmatic clarity of the message is an essential part of politeness† (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). In this context, the lengthening of the inferential path beyond reasonable limits increases the degree of the imposition and hence decreases the level of politeness (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). Blum-Kulka observations contradict Brown Levinson politeness theory in a fundamental way. Brown Levinson politeness theory provides that in order to demonstrate linguistic politeness or save face, it might be necessary to length one’s conversational sentences beyond what is necessary to convey the message. However, Blum-Kulka notes that this lengthening of the sentence or use of FTA alleviating strategy in the context of Hebrew language may actually be considered as impolite. She notes that the language encourages clarity, brevity and a certain straight forwardness that may not be permissible in the English language in order to demonstrate linguistic politeness. This directly contradicts the Brown Levinson politeness theory. Brown Levin son has addressed Blum-Kulka’s observations in one major way. They note that some societies place a higher value on a superior’s time than others. In this context, they note Blum-Kulka’s efficiency factor which only works in societies that place a high value on a superior’s time (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). Such efficiency factor is absent in communities that don’t place a premium value on the superiors’ time such as the Arabs. Both Hickey Orta (n.d) and Pikor-Niedziakel (2005), note there is a deficiency in the formulation of the positive and negative politeness strategies. In this context, Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) argues that Brown Levinson categorized many FTA’s as threatening both negative and positive face. In the same light, Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) suggests that positive politeness is relevant to all aspects of a person’s positive face, whereas negative politeness is FTA-specific. Thus, negative politeness serves to redres s the threat of a particular FTA; positive politeness has a more general redressive function (p.273). In this context,Pikor-Niedzialek (2005) note that Brown Levinson politeness theory is a robust way of looking at linguistic politeness. All in all I find the politeness theory as being as presenting a proper background to insights into politeness strategies across many languages of the world. Method The type of data I am analysing is my interviews. This method has got several advantages since through them it is easy for one to gain in-depth insights and context into the topic. Further, since the interviews do target certain specific areas of interest to the study, the respondents therefore only describe what is important to them. Also the interviews are crucial since the data collected involves quotes that directly contain what the discourse markers that the research is greatly interested in. Though the interviews are used, they have some disadvantages since they are time consuming and expensive compared to other data collection methods. Also to an extent, the interviews do seem intrusive to the respondents, thereby causing some ethical concerns The data that I have collected is quite useful in the research as it contains the elements that can be handled appropriately by the theoretical framework postulated. For instance the data contains discourse markers for example the uses of â€Å"yeah†. These tends to occur at the very beginning of an utterance and they serve two roles which include signalling a transition as the conversation evolves, while at the same time the discourse markers do reflect an interactive relationship between the speaker and also the person to whom the message is addressed. The data contains the use of sounds which are clearly shown indicated. All these elements could be analysed against the politeness theory as postulated by Brown and Levinson. Since data collected involves human respondents, ethics is an issue that is crucial to the respondents. Since the respondents will probably be expressing their issues freely, there is need to protect their identity. This research will do so by referring to the respondents as either native speaker (NS) or non-native speaker (NNS). Their real names will not be used in the collected data. Further they will be informed beforehand that they are being interviewed for purposes of research only. This means that their anonymity will be preserved and also their names and addresses and other information about them that could be used to identify them shall be confidential. But there are cases where the native countries of the respondents may be revealed. In these cases, the results of the research will have limited access. Minors and members of the vulnerable groups will not be used as their participation may cause grave ethical issues. All in all the participants will not be coerced. The respondents will voluntarily participate and be told of their freedom to withdraw at any ti me they may deem necessary. This means that a respondent information sheet will be provided to all the respondents, providing them with clear information concerning the research and the need for their consent to be given. Research objective/question This essay seeks to evaluate the ways in which S influences H’s behaviour in the context of interviewing native and non native speakers. Research methodology The research methodology will be the examination of the two interviews between the native speakers and non native speakers in order to determine the honorifics used in those interviews. Findings The notion of politeness can be observed in the way the two answer questions set to them. Interview with non native speaker Do you like shopping? Yah: I like it a lot. Interview with native speaker First, I would like to ask you what food you like Ok (.) I like sea food :: AAAAA I like BBQ AAAA there is not really a lot of food I do not like AAAA in terms of style of cooking (.)AA Amm I guess if I try something I don’t like it yap CAPS The native speaker uses face saving aspects by elaborating on the type of food he likes in the contrast to the non native speaker who is more direct. This can be partially attributed to the challenges in the language. Interview with non native speaker A- Do you prefer big or small centres? Why? B- AAAA probably big centers (.) they have more options, more stores It can be seen from this excerpt that the non native speaker here hesitates in responding to A by using AAAA. Interview with native speaker (A) So, this means you like buying and trying new foods rather than preparing them yourself. (B)Oh no , I prefer to make it CAPS but because Imm I need to organize everything by myself I thought it is much easier when I was living with people because you could share? you know things or do it together with people you make sure there is time to organize you know grocery shopping which makes things hard to cook. From this inter view the respondent appears more at ease and even hesitates a bit by using Imm before proceeding with speech. Further, the respondent says: You know things†¦. Discussion From the data there are sure elements of politeness. The non native speaker tends to be direct as opposed to the native speaker. Though the non native speaker at times hesitates, this is not for face saving but the hesitation shows that he/she is not sure on what to answer. The native speaker employs avoidance of imposition on the hearer for example he/she starts the sentence with, â€Å"You know†¦.† This strategy assumes that the hearer is imposed on. Here the negative face leads to the desire to keep distance. Conclusion The non native speaker is more direct in their speech in comparison to the native speaker. It is critical to not that at all times the non native uses little linguistic politeness in contrast to the native users. References Abbas, A. (n.d).The Concept of Pragmatic Politeness with Reference to Standard English and Standard Kurdish. Retrieved from http://www.univsul.org/Dosekan_Mamostakan_U/2%20Seminar.abbas%20Ph.D%20Politeness.bedu%20.pdf Anglesa, F. (n.d).How to approach the teaching of communicative competence in a second language.Retrieved from http://www.uji.es/bin/publ/edicions/jfi2/politen.pdf Davies, B. (2000). Grice’s cooperative principle:getting the meaning across. Retrieved from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/linguistics/WPL/WP2000/Davies.pdf Fukada, A Asato, N. (2003).Universal politeness theory: application to the use of Japanese honorifics. Retrieved from http://www.geocities.ws/davius_sanctex/honorifics.pdf Hayashi, T. (n.d).Reconstructing a universal theory of politeness: face, politeness, and model of realization. Retrieved from http://www.nord.helsinki.fi/clpg/CLPG/Takuo%20Hayashi.pdf Heron, S. (2010). Conversational Implicature. Retrieved from http://www.words-in world.de/mediapool/36/361457/data/Pragmatics_SS_2010_/Presentation_session_3.p df Hickey, L Orta, V. (n.d). Politeness as deference a pragmatic view. Retrieved from http://rodin.uca.es:8081/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10498/8733/18228392.pdf?sequence=1 Hughes, L. (n.d). Grice’s cooperative Principle, Maxims of Conversation Conversational Implicature. Retrieved from http://www.laurahughes.com/art/grice.pdf Kitamura, N. (2000). Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘Politeness’ Theory. Retrieved from http://www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2000/kitamura.pdf Kwon, S Ha, S. (2009). On Politeness: Cross-cultural differences. Retrieved from http://www.linguistics.fi/julkaisut/SKY2006_1/1.4.7.%20VILKKI.pdf Longscope, P. (n.d). The universality of face in Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory: A Japanese perspective. Retrieved from http://www.justinecassell.com/discourse09/readings/longscope.pdf Morand, D Ocker, R. (2003).Politeness Theory and Computer-Mediated Communication: A Sociolinguistic Approach to Analyzing Relational Messages. Retrieved from http://www.hicss.hawaii.edu/HICSS36/HICSSpapers/CLDGS02.pdf Nall, S. (n.d). An Analysis of the Face Threatening Act Strategies Used in International Trade Email Correspondence. Retrieved from http://dept.hku.edu.tw/eng/downloads/Symposium/7.pdf n.d Nordquist, R. (2012). Politeness Strategies. Retrieved from http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/Politeness-Strategies.htm. Pikor-Niedzialel, M. (2005). A critical overview of politeness theories in discourse analysis. Retrieved from http://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/wfil/ifa/usar3/sar_v3_09.pdf Roberts, J. (1992). Face threatening acts and politeness theory: contrasting speeches from supervisory conferences. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/jcs/jcs_1992spring_roberts.pdf. Universidad de Zaragoza. (n.d).Sources of the Communicative Approach. Retrieved from http://www.unizar.es/elafuen/files_metodologia/tema_2/the_communic_aproach.pdf University of Rome. (2012). The politeness principle. Retrieved from www.uniroma2.it/didatt ica/ling_ing1_linfo/†¦/POLITENESS.doc Wagner, L. (2002). Positive- and Negative-Politeness Strategies: Apologizing in the Speech Community of Cuernavaca, Mexico. Retrieved from http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2004v13n1/02%20Lisa%20C.%20Wagner.pdf Wilson Sperber,D. (2002). Relevance Theory. Retrieved from http://people.bu.edu/bfraser/Relevance%20Theory%20Oriented/Sperber%20%20Wilson%20-%20RT%20Revisited.pdf This essay on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory was written and submitted by user Cardiac to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Death Penalty Debate essays

Death Penalty Debate essays In biblical times, people abided by Gods law, known as The Ten Commandments. Today society is based on certain rules and laws that everyone must follow to keep our society running smoothly. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a punishment enforced on those who have committed serious crimes, for example murder. The death penalty is one of the most debated issues in todays society. Supporters of the death penalty agree that it decreases the rate of crime and population in prisons, and victims of a crime no longer fear that the killer will kill again. Supporters agree that the rate of crime is decreased by enforcing the death penalty on those committing serious crimes. By enforcing capital punishment, supports say that it deters others from committing serious crimes, such as murder. A person who premeditates a murder may think twice about the consequences of his/her actions if caught. In his article The Death Penalty on Trial Alter states the difficulty imagining a criminal thinking that since I might get the death penalty for this crime, I wont do it; but if only life in prison, Id go ahead (488). This proves that there is no prove that the death penalty will keep people from murdering or committing terrible crimes, but supporters still agree that the death penalty should be enforced. Executing a person does cost more than sentencing that person to life without parole. Even though execution costs more money, it reduces the prison population. Assume that everyone who was convicted of murder was sentenced to life without parole. That would cause population in prisons to overflow, meaning either prisoners would be released or more prisons would have to be built. Alter states in his article that unless executions are dramatically speeded up, the death penalty will remain far more expensive than life without parole (489). ...

Milgrams Experiment essays

Milgram's Experiment essays Obedience to authority is a basic tenant of any human social organization. Virtually every society has developed some sort of hierarchy in which some individuals exercise a degree of authority over others. In our society for example, teachers have authority over their students. It is hard to conceive of a society that could function without this type of arrangement, however, there are times when private belief and compliance with those in authority may come into conflict. We see how that may come into effect in Milgrams Experiment: "Technicians" urged participants to give a series of electric shocks of increasingly higher voltage to "subjects" who had incorrectly answered questions. About 60 percent complied. However, no voltage was actually applied: the subjects were actors who feigned agony and tape recorded to keep all responses the same. Milgram took the results as proof that ordinary people will inflict pain on innocent people when commanded by an authoritative figure. An individual's compliance with an authoritative person's judgment may counter his or her own judgment, and the person's resistance to the authoritative figure depends on how much that person feels responsible. Milgrams results were most shocking because they were used to explain the basic character flaw within Nazi-Germans during World War II; They were simply obeying authority. ...

The Pap Smear Test For Cervical Cancer Research Paper

The Pap Smear Test For Cervical Cancer - Research Paper Example The article also has data on prevalence and epidemiology of cervical cancer and recommends regular screening. The accuracy of the test is influenced by a number of factors; typically determination of both sensitivity and specificity for a test involves studies applying standard testing on all the participating persons. Studies comparing the test have shown its detection sensitivity to be between 55% - 80% but due to the slow pace at which cervical cancer grows; sensitivity can be higher in a program of regular screening with Pap. In determining the test’s sensitivity and specificity, there is the requirement for defining a standard for the test as well as the standard threshold for reference. ASCUS is mostly applied as the threshold for the test while CIN 1 is utilized as the standard for reference. With the combination, the sensitivity of approximately 68% is achieved and 75% specificity. LSIL could be the most appropriate threshold for the test when used with CIN 2-3 as the standard for reference and with this combination, up to 70%-80%, sensitivity & 95% specificity levels are achieved. It is important to note that obtaining adequate specimen is crucial in determining accuracy and integrity of a Pap smear test. In conclusion, therefore, screening is very important in the management of cervical cancer and therefore regular testing is recommended for women. Sensitivity and specificity of the test can be very high if the screening is done appropriately with the adequate specimen and large cohorts of participants.

Big Bang Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Big Bang Theory - Research Paper Example This study analyzes the reality of the Big Bang Theory, all the while exploring the thoughts and ideas of members of society. Like religion, believing in the scientific definition of our origin requires an element of faith. While many may be willing to put their faith in the existence of God, other are unwilling to place their trust in science that cannot be proven beyond a shadow of a doubt. The reality is that we do not exactly what happened to turn the nothingness that existed before our universe into the vast expanse of galaxies that we know today. This paper, however, seeks to make sense of the big questions and move people towards a deeper understanding of the reality and complexities of the universe. Keywords: Big Bang, Stephen Hawking, NASA, Leonard Mlodinow, Hubble Telescope, Age of the Universe, Particle Expansion, Albert Einstein, Mass Acceleration, God Particle, Large Hadron Collider (LHC) The Big Bang Theory, Science’s God Particle Introduction/Literature Review D o you ever look into the sky, whether it is day or night, and wonder where it all started? Maybe you wonder where we came from, or how everything that we know today came about. People from all walks of life ask these questions; although how one is raised play a big part in what one is willing to accept as reality. This paper aims to explain the Big Bang Theory and how it scientifically ties into the birth of the universe. The Big Bang Theory is just one of many ideas formed in an effort to explain the process by which the universe was created. The theory is more than just conjecture, however, as it is based on scientific reasoning that has evolved through the years. Recent discoveries in the areas of astronomy and physics point to the reality that our universe did has some type of beginning, and the Big Bang Theory is an educated effort to explain the beginning and offer new insight as to our origins. Humans have long been fascinated with the universe, but few answers really existed as to how it all started. To be certain, there have been many conjectures made over the years, some based on science and others on religion, but the lingering question still existed. If there was nothing prior to the creation of the universe, there must have been a precipitating event that set off a chain reaction that formed the universe, as we know it today. While it can be argued that nobody can know for certain how the universe was created, the Big Bang Theory does seem to indicate, beyond a reasonable doubt, that there was a certain process by which this occurred. To begin a review of the Big Bang Theory, one should start at the beginning. The most commonly held belief amongst physicists is that the universe came into being about 13.7 billion years ago (Kargh, 1996). This figure takes into account the creation of the universe beginning as â€Å"singularity†. While scientists admit that they truly do not understand how this happens, singularity is attached to the term to describe an event that defies our current ability to understand certain aspects of physics. Interestingly enough, it is this fact that gives credence to the other popular theory of creation, which forms the basis for this study to follow. Singularities can be likened to black holes. Such holes are areas in the university that

A Learning Experience Essay Example for Free

A Learning Experience Essay In this content, there will be a discussion on how someone can learns how to not use drugs and what it was like for them before and after their initial use. There will be an identification of what someone would learn from using to not using. Also included in the discussion there will be a description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identifying the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. An explanation will be given in regards to how their learning could have occurred through operant conditioning, describing the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. There will be an address of how the learning could have occurred through cognitive-social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let us say that someone has been doing drugs on a social basis, living a wild and carefree lifestyle. Until one day, a different way of using the drug becomes introduced. In that instance the drug is introduced, it becomes an automatic addiction. It becomes an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain that rush repeatedly. It is the loss of all control and the beginning of losing the power of life. The person frits at the thought of the drug and loses control when they cannot get a hold of it when they want it and how they want it. It becomes a part of their lifestyle and it becomes more difficult for them to lose the desire after a long period of using. It takes a power greater then themselves to quit and the help of people like them who have been clean. With the help and support of these people, the desire to use becomes less and less and the â€Å"disease of addiction,† becomes arrested. What is Learned through the Experience The long term learning experience is learning to live without the use of drugs. Living with the use of drugs causes many to live a life of unmanageability. It leads to a time in an addict’s life when they seek a place where they can receive help, therefore leading to a clean life. They no longer want to live with the obsession of using and no longer with a life of insanity. Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus capable of eliciting a given response after being repeatedly presented with an unconditioned (significant) stimulus (Oxford Reference, 2007). For example, an addict may use a pipe, cigarillos, roll up papers, or syringes (conditional stimulus) whenever an addict set out to use their preferred drug of choice. Eventually, the addict becomes craved at the presence of these items (conditional response), even when the drug was absent (unconditional stimulus). Therefore, the absence of the drug leads to the overwhelming desire to use (unconditional response). If the drugs and all the items are present and then something runs out, the conditional and unconditional stimuli occurs together and are presented at the same place, making the addict powerless. Operant Conditioning, Behavior, Consequence, Reinforcement  Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning where an individual forms an association between a particular behavioral response and a particular reinforcement (Oxford Reference, 2007). In the case of an addict, when an addict takes the first drug it may be pleasant, but then a thousand is never enough. Therefore, the cliche becomes an addict’s worst nightmare. They use to live and live to use, resulting in the disease of addiction. Once an addict realizes the more they use the more unpleasant it gets, they do not want to face the consequences of jails, institutions, or death. Therefore, they seek the help of recovering addicts, admit their powerlessness over the drug, and make a choice to come clean. As an addict attempts to come clean, they need the reinforcement of Narcotics Anonymous meetings on a daily basis. It is recommended that a newcomer attend 90 meetings in 90 days, associate themselves with other recovering addicts of the same sex, and to seek out a sponsor to work the Twelve Steps. With all these options that Narcotics Anonymous provides helps a recovering addict get well on their way to living a clean productive life. The recovering addict needs to be constantly reminded to take it a day at a time, remember that they didn’t become an addict over night, to keep going back (to meetings), and easy does it. If an addict keeps coming back, they are less likely to go out an relapse; but if they keep beating themselves up, do not change the people, places, and things around them, and continue to keep their old behaviors, they are just punishing themselves making it less likely for them to return to meetings and instead go out and use. Cognitive-Social Learning Cognitive-social learning incorporates the general concepts of conditioning, but rather than relying on a simple stimulus and response model, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism, stimulus-organism-response (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of an addict, addicts have attitudes, beliefs, expectations, motivations, and emotions that affect learning (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of a recovering addict, these old beliefs, attitudes, false motivation and expectations, and lost emotions, being in the rooms of a Narcotics Anonymous meeting helps them to socialize with other recovering addicts and soon the newcomer is able to learn new behaviors through the observations, suggestions, and reading of literature given. In a roundabout way, the newcomer begins by imitating and sharing in meetings, gains a comfort, develops a sense of security, and becomes honest with themselves, allowing them to become honest with other recovering addicts. They learn that not one person is different from another in a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, but they are all alike, one addict reaching out to help another addict recover. Conclusion With the continued socialization and fellowshipping of Narcotics Anonymous, a recovering addict can lose the constant desire to use, find a power greater than themselves, and live a new life taking it a day at a time because any day clean is a day of success. Classical conditioning is a learned behavior that happens with or without the drugs being present. Operant conditioning is knowing that there are consequences for this learned ehavior (drug use), that results in punishment (an addict trying to recover but still having the presence of their old people, places and things resulting in relapse), and lead to a desire to have positive reinforcement (an addict entering into recovery after a life of defeat). Cognitive-social learning is coming to the realization that through participation in the Narcotics Anonymous program, it becomes easier to recover seeing that other addicts too have chosen to recover (imitating and practicing the principles, traditions, and completing the twelve steps).

Christmas as a Federal Holiday Essay -- Religion Holidays

The most collectively celebrated holiday of the year is undeniably December 25th, Christmas. Most people acknowledge that the â€Å"Christ† in Christmas is representative of Jesus Christ, Son of God, and for Christians, the day is set aside as a celebration of his birth. Many people in the United States (and world) however, either do not believe in the Christian view of Christmas, have different non-Christian religious beliefs or celebrate for other reasons, if at all. Because of the multi-cultural differences that incorporate our country, Christmas should be declared by Congress as simply a Federal Holiday. This would be achieved if the dominant â€Å"Christ† aspect from â€Å"Christ†-mas was removed by renaming the holiday to The Winter Holiday, which is more inclusive to all cultures. The United States is comprised of a very diverse group of people with different beliefs and celebrations in winter including Hanukkah celebrated by Jews, Ramadan celebrated by Islam’s, Kwanzaa celebrating African culture, Bodhi Day celebrated by Buddhists, Diwali celebrated by Hindu’s, and Christmas celebrated by Christians. Also, there are the secular celebrations of Christmas, those traditions not specifically or overtly religious, celebrated by atheists, many other non-religious people as well as incorporated into most Christian celebrations. According to the Pew Forum, 4.7% of the population is a religion other than Christian and 16.1% claim â€Å"unaffiliated† (U.S. Religious Landscape). Between the 1990’s and 2008, the number of Christians dropped from 86.2% to 76% and the number of non-theists almost doubled in the same time frame (American Religious Identification). In most ways, Christmas is no longer a â€Å"religious† holiday and sh ould reflect all ... ...ous beliefs: peace on earth, goodwill toward all. Works Cited American Religious Identification Survey. N.p., Mar. 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . Mount, Steve. â€Å"Jefferson’s Wall of Separation Letter.† US Constitution Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Thomas Jefferson: Life; Liberty: Our Sacred Honor.† Ken Burns American Stories. PBS. KQED, n.p., 28 Oct. 2002. Television. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Web. 28 Nov. 2010. . The White House. N.p., 6 Apr. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2010. .

Self Reliance Rhetorical Analysis

â€Å"Self-Reliance† is a series of loosely related thoughts and extracts from lectures and journals that Ralph Wald Emerson has written in the past. Through the use of the classical argument, imagery, and many other rhetorical devices, Emerson makes such a convincing case that a person from almost any background would find it difficult to disagree with him. Emerson wrote this essay is to teach a lesson. He argues to the reader to trust themselves and to not conform to the standards of others. Emerson tells his audience, â€Å"Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.This means that you must first have approval and support of yourself, and then you will gain approval of the world. The purpose of this essay, pertaining to any audience, is to show that a person needs to find his own truth, and have confidence or â€Å"self-reliance† in themselves. The author adds pathos to his essay by evoking the personal prejudices and biases of the audienc e. Pathos stands out most in his essay, as it contains a lot of emotional conflicts that we all face at some point or other in our lives. â€Å"Self- Reliance† is sprinkled with memorable sayings known as aphorisms.These are brief statements that express a general principle or truth about life. â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of the little minds† is a very popular aphorism Emerson uses in his essay. He adds logos, or reason, to his essay by giving examples of arguments that people face with themselves and others, and rationally explaining how we should deal with these struggles. Emerson adds ethos to his essay by referencing to well known people in history. He states that Luther, Socrates, Galileo, Newton, Pythagoras, Copernicus, andJesus were all great minds that were misunderstood. By referencing to these people, he established credibility, as his audience is most likely familiar with the struggles and triumphs of a few or more of these people in history . Emerson uses a unique style of diction in this essay. He uses words such as â€Å"thyself†, â€Å"bestowed†, and â€Å"arduous†. To us his word choice seems to be very formal. We may even call it archaic, or out dated. But we must keep in mind that he was a 1 9th century writer, and this choice of words was probably ore common at the time he wrote this essay.Emerson uses a multitude of tropes in his essay. For example, he uses the metaphors â€Å"envy is ignorance† and â€Å"imitation is suicide† to explain what every man feels at some point in his life. As stated earlier, Emerson uses multiple aphorisms in this essay. His aphorisms proclaim his radical ideas in clear, concise sentences. His idea about consistency, for example, is distilled into one easy-to-remember aphorism, and is thereby amortized. In his essay, the author also says that, For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure. This is personification. What Emerson is tryin g to say is that there is common belief that if you are a nonconformist, meaning you do not follow generally accepted beliefs, then everyone in the world will think badly of you. Emerson does not believe this to be so. Emerson uses symbols and imagery of nature to support his claim of individuality. The â€Å"over soul† is one key element that Emerson illustrates in his essay, meaning that a person should look deep inside his heart and find his own truth.

Working with Exceptional Children

The importance for an Educational Assistance in getting more general information about children with exceptionalities is needed because more schools across Canada are integrating more exceptional children into regular classrooms settings . According to a study that was done and revealed that in the mid 60’s there was about 1000 children with learning disabilities within the public school system, almost 20 years later, the numbers sky rocketed to be around 197,000 these numbers were mentioned in the EADP course. These numbers are still growing and the concept of inclusion was first implemented in the mid 1980’s. Many institutions were shut down and many of the children were either sent back home into their communities and in other cases where this wasn’t an option they were sent into group homes. In the classroom it change to where some student were sent to experience educational integration. The children would have the joy of the experience some of the school structure and activities which includes gym, arts, home economics and other program to suit their needs. With the process of mainstreaming the class sizes are increasing, therefore the teacher’s responsibilities are greater. This impacts educational assistants by having to upgrade their knowledge. The teacher’s responsibilities towards all students is to make them feel safe in the school environment. They are also responsible for planning a curriculum that will meet every students needs, to the child who are considered normal and to the children who are considered exceptional. In the teacher’s curriculum adaptation is needed so each child receives the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to progress in their abilities. With the help of an educational assistant who has received general information about children with exceptionalities the teacher’s work load is alleviated. Knowledge helps the educational assistant effectiveness in interacting with children who are exceptional. The educational assistant will have a better understanding of the teacher’s needs and the needs of children with exceptionalities. There is a broad range of different exceptionalities so the educational assistant need to be flexible and learn how to deal basis. The educational assistant will know how to carry out the program that was adapted for the child without any long explanations from the teacher. The educational assistant, will facilitate the task and give the teacher more time to give one on one time to every individual student. Also knowing how to carry out the program will help to facilitate the integration of the child to the regular classes. The knowledge and importance of knowing how to take proper written documentation will ensure accurate and helpful data on the child progress. It will record on daily a basis which will help the teacher and the team to make adaptations in their intervention plan so that the child will be able to reach their long and short term goals. As a team player the educational assistant will have the knowledge and help play an important role with the teacher in implementing techniques of behaviour management which will increase effectiveness in the classroom. With time, peoples view and acceptance have changed making children with exceptionalities easier to integrate in the classroom . The demands of educational assistant have also changed with time . The task of an educational assistant has become more complex and they are now playing a bigger role and assuming more responsibilities. Having more general knowledge about exceptional children is essential. Well trained educational assistants are a key resource for teachers, children and the whole school system as they all work together as a team for the child.

history of middle america essays

history of middle america essays Central America is a land bridge that connects North America to South America. Today, this area of the world is under major reconstruction. Its recent history is filled with civil wars, military dictatorships, and native uprisings. Though the recent economy has turned toward the better, the history of the economy in Central America has not been a fortunate. Poverty, disease, and discontent were common among the people living in this region. Many of the problems faced by these nations date back to the Spanish Colonization of the area. Before the Spanish arrived, this region contained a civilization with a rich written history, sophisticated agricultural systems, and amazing cities. Civilized society in Central America can be traced back thousands of years to around 2,000 B.C. It is believed that around this time the native people began to plant crops instead of hunting animals. Pottery, which was discovered in the Parita Bay region of Panama, is believed to made around 2,130 B.C. and it reflects some South American cultural influences. After 1,000B.C. organized, sedentary farming communities began to sprout, and communication and commerce developed among them. After 500 B.C. an advanced civilization, the Mayas, emerged in the present-day lands of Guatemala and El Salvador. Kaminaljuyà º was on of the earlier Mayan cities, and was located in the highlands near present-day Guatemala City. Other Mayan cities arose southeastward, towards Nicaragua (a map of Mayan cities is located at the back of the paper). It is clear that the early Mayan people inhabited the higher terrain in Central America because of the suitable climate, but as the civilization grew, the lowland cities became centers for a higher civilization. In the Mayan cities they developed an advanced system of writing, and with their hieroglyphs on stone monuments, they were able to record their history. Many achievements by the Mayan people exceeded those of the same era European...

Tips to Give Your Texts a Perfect Polishing!

Tips to Give Your Texts a Perfect Polishing! Fifteen Great Tips for Proofreading When it comes to proofreading, the fifteen tips below have proven effective in all sorts of discipline from arts subjects through to medicine and science papers. As well as devising your own techniques, why not try these and choose the ones that work well for you? NB:If a tutor or publisher gives specific instructions on proofreading, adhere to them.Be mentally prepared: Proofreading is an art that requires you to be patient, focused, and willing to give a sufficient amount of your time. Make sure, therefore, that you are not distracted, in a hurry, or over-tired. Gather up all the tools you will need: Firstly, this means printing out proofs. Even if you have chosen to or are required to electronically mark a document, work first with a printed version. Mistakes that are sometimes not obvious on screen can often be evident on a paper version. As well as an original or edited copy of the document and their publishers or tutors instructions (e.g. a guide to editing marks), proofreaders usually need spare paper, a ruler, and some colored pens. Look at the bigger picture: Begin by comparing your printed proof to the first or original text, or to an edited copy where applicable. Make sure every element is present. Think about every detail: The next step is proofreading every part of the text, including any illustrations, tables and reference lists. Look for any spelling and/or punctuation errors, as well as any errors in illustrations and tables. Additionally, depending on your instructions, check for errors in notations, symbols, numbers and generally any type of error. Leave nothing to trust or chance: Every word, sentence and paragraph should be read thoroughly and slowly. Nothing should be assumed. Put your ruler beneath each line as you read or cover all text except the sentence you are reading with a piece of paper. Concentrate on small details: Highlight or mark symbols and punctuation marks so that you can concentrate on them. Look for mistakes in smaller words e.g. in articles, conjunctions, and so on. Look hard at illustrations and tables: Are these in the right place and right order? Are there any errors in captions and titles? Is all cross-referenced text accurate? All numbers, scientific symbols and notations should be double-checked: Be extra careful when examining notations and numbers, in both text and tables. Is everything numbered in sequential order and shown correctly on printed proofs? Corrections should be noted with two proofreading marks: Use in-text marks (e.g. carets, lines, and so on) as well as the associated margin marks (e.g., notations or symbols). Thoroughly check that all marks are in the correct place. NB: Refer to a guide or manual on Proofreading Marks if necessary. Margin marks should be separated: A slash mark / should be used for separating marginal marks on the one line. For example, to note similar corrections on one line, a slash should be added for each individual correction (e.g., the word caps and three slashes (/ / /) indicates three instances where capital letters are needed). Instructions should be circled: Place a circle around any margin mark that is an instruction, even short forms e.g. caps for capital letters, ital for italics, and lc for lower case letters. Distinguishing instructions from words that should be entered into a text eliminates confusion. Make sure margin marks correspond correctly: It is essential to work from the left margin to the right, making sure that all margin marks are an exact match with the in-text marks. One proofreading is not sufficient: A lot of mistakes are often found in the second or even third reading. Be clear about what you are looking for each time. For instance, look for spelling mistakes first time, then mistakes in symbols and numbers and next something else. Use different techniques: Use a variety of tips, techniques and methods when proofreading. Read aloud, get another person to read your text aloud, or swap proofreading projects with other people. Look for a method that works well for you. Have frequent rests/breaks: Work out break times in advance, but take a break earlier if you feel tired or start rushing. After one full proofreading, break for longer one day if you can before embarking on the next round.

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Reading Response - Essay Example The reading was also in accordance with some of my thoughts regarding some things I encounter in daily. People seem to assume that those living with disabilities have to be helped with everything and in everything they do. Helping them in their tasks can make them feel fewer humans or useless. As a result, I only offer help when it is necessary or when asked to do so. The reading reinforced my experience with deaf persons. For the few deaf people I have met in life, I hardly make any meaningful communication apart from greetings. Communicating with the deaf is problematic because I lack the knowledge and understanding of the sign language. The information presented about mobility impairment relates well with some things I have encountered in life. When I was young, my neighbor had a son who had impaired legs. The boy could not walk and his time at home. In fact, he never got a chance to move out of their home even when he got ill. His parents restricted him to his wheelchair and always spent his time in the house. When my mother would send me to take cards or other valuables to their home, I ensured that I met the boy and checked how he was doing. His parents, however, did not like people near him. Immediately after greetings, they would tell me that is enough and that Mike did not want disturbance. I would, however, see Mike’s need for friends in his eyes. His parents thought it was their mistake for having Mike. They thought having a child with a disability was a taboo and would be laughed at by the community.

The Open Source Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Open Source Challenge - Essay Example American elite intelligent team uses OSINT as among the disciplines to combat security threats both at home and outside the country (FBI, 2014). For military officials to manage perfect air strikes and eliminate terrorism, they must have used intelligent Satellites to determine the terrorists’ locations. The intelligent team must have also used direct information from local residents. There is likelihood that the team used internet to acquire the correct photos and information of the targets. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). IN Tellingence: Open Source Intelligence. Retrieved September 15, 2014 from https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/open-source-intelligence.html The Federal Bureau of Investigation. (FBI). (2014). Directorate of Intelligence: Intelligence Collection Disciplines (INTs). Retrieved September 15, 2014 from

Contruction & analysis Exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contruction & analysis Exercises - Essay Example The curtains flapped about in the draught caused by a carelessly half-closed window. And on the floor, to the left of the chairs lay Jerry Pinto, very, very quiet.in fact, very, very dead Mary Pinto entered the room. She had a tranquil air about her; her skin looked translucent, her mouth was soft, and her eyes large and dark, giving her an appealing wide-eyed look. She was six months into her pregnancy-a fact barely discernible on her slight figure. Mary deposited her shopping bag on the sideboard next to the half empty glasses, humming a tune, and smiling to herself. "Jerry, how are you, darling" she said with genuine affection, in the direction of where she expected him to be sitting Not hearing his reply she turned around, and stood stupefied for a momentonly for a momentthen she ran to where he lay fallen on the floor. She seemed somehow to understand, as soon as she saw him, that he was dead. Perhaps it was the way he lay. In that strange and stiff fashion She ran over to him and sat down by his side, gently lifting up his head, cradling it in her lap. The sobs came hesitant and rasping at first, but louder and more abandoned as the moments passed. She must have sat thus, for what seemed like an age to her. But it must have been no more than five minutes Mary suddenly stopped crying, and wiped her eyes. ... The voice at the other end was familiar " Quick! Come quick! I think Jerry's dead!" said Mary into the receiver " Mrs. Pinto yes Mrs. Mary Pinto here. I think so. He's lying on the floor, and I think he's dead" she said, as her voice caught on another sob. The call over, she busied herself in the room, moving here and there, straightening up the furniture, trying not to look where it layItHe was it now. No longer Jerry. Before long, Mary heard the sound of a car. Even before the knock, she was at the door to open it. Two plains clothes men stood there. She knew them wellthey were Jerry's colleagues after all. On seeing them, Mary suddenly felt the tears start again. James Hendricks, the young officer who had joined the force only recently was plainly moved. He helped Mary gently to a chair. Aneez Afzal, the other cop, a veteran, kept his face expressionless. But as he moved towards Jerry, it crumbled for a moment in an expression of grief and despair. Jerry was his colleague and friend, and they'd been working together for the last five years "Is he dead " Mary managed to ask. "I'm afraid so", replied Afzal. "Tell us what happened, Mrs. Pinto. Where were you, and how long back did this happen" "You know, how punctual Jerry is", said Mary. "He had just returned from the police station by 5.30, as usual. I was sitting here with my sewingI hadn't cooked any dinner today. You know, every Wednesday we go out for dinner. But Jerry was so tired"Her breath caught on a sob again, and she took some time to compose herself. "I thought it better to have dinner at home. I put a leg of lamb in the oven, and nipped across to Vipul's, you know, Vipul's the Indian store down the road I didn't have any vegetables at home. I left Jerry to unwind over a drink. I was hardly away

Classify attachment type Essay Example for Free

Classify attachment type Essay Van Iljzendoorn Kroonenberg researched different databases for studies on attachment that had used the strange situation to classify attachment type. They conducted a meta-analysis on 32 of these studies. They were the first researchers to carry out a thorough Meta analysis to consider all cross culture findings using the Strange Situation Test.  The Strange Situation Test is the only test of infant attachment that has been used in several countries. It could be argued that findings from test could be used to understand some of the main sub-cultural differences found within any given country. There have been many key findings as a result of the test. The most important was that the variation in attachment within cultures was 1-1/2 times greater than the variation between cultures. However, the Strange Situation procedure was carried out in the laboratory and therefore it has a fairly artificial approach. Also, the infants attachment behaviour is much stronger in the laboratory than at home. Additionally, the Strange Situation Test was carried out in the USA so it may be culturally biased. Therefore the ecological validity of the Strange Situation must be questioned. The Strange Situation measurement assumes that the behaviour of all children in all cultures means the same thing. The Strange Situation Test is based on cultural assumptions, this technique is called imposed etic -where a process is devised in one culture to study other cultures. This questions the validity of the Strange Situation Test as a measuring tool for attachment between cross culture variation. Cross-cultural variation has been well tried and tested and is one of the most popular measures of attachment. It is also possible to see the value of such a measure; there are some real practical applications from being able to assess a childs security. However, all the limiting factors mentioned in the above paragraph contribute to the fact that we cannot be sure either way about cross-cultural similarities or differences, because of these limitations. Additionally we have to be careful in drawing conclusions, regarding a culture from such a limited sample. The conclusions regarding the Chinese children are based on one study. We cant make generalisations regarding a population the size of China, on the results of just a handful of children. I feel there are many similarities across cultures for instance there was a considerable amount of consistency in the overall distribution of attachment types across all cultures and secure attachment was the most common type of attachments in all 8 nations researched in Van Iljzendoorn Kroonenbergs study. Also the Western cultures dominant insecure type is anxious/avoidant and the non-western cultures dominant insecure type is anxious/resistant. However, there are of course differences, which are not accounted for in the Strange Situation Test. For instance China was the exception as anxious/avoidant and anxious/resistant were distributed equally. This shows that it is wrong to make such generalisations on the basis of the techniques used, as there are not just variations between cultures but within cultures also.

Journalists Should Investigate Castros Prisons Instead of Gitmo Essay

Journalists Should Investigate Castro's Prisons Instead of Gitmo The recent hysterics in the press over the treatment of al Qaeda prisoners give the impression that Cuba is some idyllic bastion of human rights save for that American eyesore Guantanamo Bay. The overzealous reporters en route to the communist isle are hell-bent on discovering some form of torture or mistreatment of the prisoners. Upon discovering that the envisioned inhumanity of "Gitmo" in reality is nothing more than conditions of mild discomfort, these same reporters responded with irresponsible exaggeration. One British editorial describes the prisoners as "trapped in open cages, manacled hand and foot, brutalized, tortured and humiliated." Despite the fictitiousness of such commentaries, the righteous indignation of the international community, dampened somewhat in the aftermath of September 11th, is gaining momentum with the aid of unscrupulous reporters. The actual living conditions at Guantanamo Bay lack the scandal and spectacle so dear to the American and Western European media culture. The various amenities granted to the detainees appear incredibly generous in light of their military resumes. These anti-American al Qaeda fighters, who have pursued a skewed, unrighteous, and murderous jihad, merit the basic necessities for living and little else. Still, the camp provides two towels to each prisoner daily to meet both sanitation and prayer needs. One might wonder if some of those prayers include praise to Allah for killing thousands of innocent Americans by hijacking commercial airliners. Or, perhaps they just give thanks that Osama bin Laden remains at large, free from the infidels' justice. Regardless, the prisoners are af... ...s." While the unlawful combatants held at Gitmo receive daily sick calls, the U.N. Special Rapporteur criticized the "widespread incidence" of "tuberculosis, scabies, hepatitis, parasitic infections, and malnutrition" in Cuban prisons. Where is the media outcry over the actual human rights abuses by Castro's government? Where is the investigative reporting on the prison riots protesting inadequate medical services, constant beatings, and squalid cell conditions? Sure, blackout goggles and earmuffs on al Qaeda detainees may be annoying, but it takes some twisted relativism to equate the discomforts of Gitmo attire with parasitic infections and political oppression. Examples of real injustice abound in Castro's regime. Journalists would better serve the human rights cause by investigating, not inventing, incidents of torture.

Mid-Term Break – Creative Writing

I was in the college sick bay all morning panicking and wondering why I was sat in this small clinical room. I was left alone lying on the old squashy but cold bed. I was listening to the bells ring every hour. I was wondering what lesson I should be in now if I had not been in this uncomfortable, small cramped room. At last, the school nurse walked in and said to me â€Å"Simon your next door neighbours are here†. I picked up my coat, put my bag on my back, and walked to the school reception where my neighbours were stood. My neighbours were nice people. They were the type that would help out, like picking me up from school or baby-sitting my brother. My neighbours came and gave me a hug and sat me down by the school reception and said â€Å"Simon, we have some bad news†. All sorts of things were running through my head at that moment, I thought that their cat had died or something but these words came out â€Å"Your brother is in hospital. He has been run over by a car†. On the way home I felt sick. Tears were trickling down my face while I was thinking if my brother was okay or not. On the way home the journey felt like five hours rather that ten minutes. When I finally got home, I saw my father crying in the porch. I tried to comfort him but I was too worried myself to be of any real help. I thought I knew what had happened, my father does not really cry when somebody dies but this time he was really crying. He was alone in his own world. He was cold and noises were muffled. The tears clouded his eyesight. As I entered the house, there were many people talking about different things. I could not tell what they were saying; it was just one loud noise. I could make out big Jim Evans, my uncle, who was saying in a solemn voice, â€Å"it was a hard blow†. My younger sister, Natalie, was in the pram rocking and laughing as though nothing had happened. I wished that I could do that; just pretend that nothing had happened. I went upstairs to my bed room and was met by lots of old men whom I had never seen before, I was embarrassed when they all stood up and started to shake my hand, they told me they were sorry for my trouble. I locked on to someone saying that I was the eldest child away at boarding school when my brother had been run over. I was holding my mums hand when I heard this. At ten o'clock on Tuesday morning, my brother's corpse arrived at the house and was taken upstairs to the attic. The corpse was bound in bandages and they were stained in blood around the body. This made me feel sick. I wanted to get out of the room as quick as I could. The following morning I went upstairs into the attic to say my goodbyes. The room was cold and many candles were lit around the corpse to show respect. Snowdrops soothed the atmosphere and made everything calm. I saw him lying in the coffin. It was the first time I had seen him in six weeks because I had been away at boarding school. He was lying there, but more stiff and paler than I had seen him six weeks ago. He was lying there with a poppy bruise on his left temple where the car had hit him. It appeared as though he was fast asleep in his bed, but it was not his bed, it was a coffin. He had no gaudy scars because the bumper had knocked him clear. This made me feel sick again but I did not want to leave the room. His box was four foot long as if this was a foot for every year.

Organisation and Behaviour Essay

Organizational structure can be described as the framework in which an organization operates. There are three main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure. A functional structure is set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. In this type of organization, for example, there may be a marketing department, a sales department and a production department. The functional structure works very well for small businesses in which each department can rely on the talent and knowledge of its workers and support itself. However, one of the drawbacks to a functional structure is that the coordination and communication between departments can be restricted by the organizational boundaries of having the various departments working separately. A divisional structure typically is used in larger companies that operate in a wide geographic area or that have separate smaller organizations within the umbrella group to cover different types of products or market areas. For example, the now-defunct Tecumseh Products Company was organized divisionally–with a small engine division, a compressor division, a parts division and divisions for each geographic area to handle specific needs. The benefit of this structure is that requirements can be met rapidly and more specifically; however, communication is inhibited because employees in different divisions are not working together. Divisional structure is costly because of its size and scope. Small businesses can use a divisional structure on a smaller scale, having different offices in different parts of the city, for example, or assigning different sales teams to handle different geographic areas. A matrix structure is a hybrid of divisional and functional structure. Typically used in large multinational companies, the matrix structure allows for the benefits of functional and divisional structures to exist in one organization. This can create power struggles because most areas of the company will have a dual management–a functional manager and a product or divisional manager working at the same level and covering some of the same managerial territory. Organizational structure is closely related to culture. Culture refers to the deep-seated beliefs, values and norms that represent the unique character of an organization and also the shared goals and visions for the people in the organization. Organizational structure and culture are difficult to separate as they are intertwined and dependent on each other. Arguably, Greenscape operates a matrix structure. Organizational structure can be described as the framework in which an organization operates. How its tasks are delegated and its leadership structure i.e. its lines of authority and communication. ‘Organization structure determines how information flows between different levels of management and employees. How roles, power and duties are delegated controlled and coordinated.† The structure an organization chooses is dependent on its objectives and the strategy employed to achieve them. Pre-globalization most organizations had a centralized structure where the power was concentrated at the top. With globalization we has seen a shift in many organizations to a more decentralized structure where decision making is more participative and decision making is power is shared and more autonomy is given to divisions and departments. The motivation of the individual’s goals and aspirations, needs met in one, and not the organization: what drives us in life and in business i n particular, managerial tasks to recognize the individual motivations and management tools are linked to organizational goals with individual can move resources to achieve organizational goals. Lawler (1981) argue that the factors determining the balance motivation the efforts and expectations concerning performance relationship and the perceived attractiveness of reward. These factors are simply related links to each other, where each link is irrelevant. If an employee receives a job, which is calculated as a challenge to your skills, and be able to complete this task successfully with very nice rewarded, so trying to maximize the performance. If, however, the challenges we face are too big or too small, it will not sufficiently able to feel, or to solve the problem for the reward is not attractive enough, and it will not be effective enough. You’ll be motivated and do not feel the job is important it is not going to make an effort to get the best out of the employee. Leadership is the backbone for the success of an organization. Normally there are four types of leadership styles, which are Autocratic, Participative, Delegative and Free Reign. These leadership styles have different effectiveness in different circumstances. Differences and similarities between the leadership styles of Max Worthy and Brenda Hogan We can argue that Max Worthy was operating in a free reign/autocratic leadership styles where everyone had to mind its own business. Brenda Hogan was a manager using a participative management approach. The participative approach will promote integrity, great observation skills and high emotional intelligence. It also promotes openness to effective communication. Hogan wanted to involve everyone in taking part at the formulation of decisions that affected them. She created the environment for the staff to learn from each other and acquire new skills, especially managerial. In contrast, Max Worthy dictated what needed to be done to staff from a distant office. Employees became accustomed to his practices and were reluctant to adopt the new approach from Hogan. Hogan leadership style can inspire her entire team to achieve excellence by example. Her hard work and caring nature set an example for all her coworkers. Management takes place within a structured organisational setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives through influencing the efforts of others. Below is a discussion of three well known management theories. Classical management theory: It puts emphasis on structure and prescriptive what is good for firms. One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational structure with distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities as there is division of labour. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete and employees’ responsibilities are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to specialize in one specific area and leads to increased productivity. Employees are motivated by monetary rewards (‘a fair day pay for a fair day work’). The leadership style is autocratic. Managers direct the employees and all decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. This is the case for the management style adopted by Max Worthy. Human Relations Theories: Classical theorists were concerned with structure and mechanics of organizations. But human relation theorists were concerned with the human factors at work. This was undoubtedly the management style adopted by Brenda Hogan. The human relations theory focus is on motivation, group motivation and effective leadership. At the heart of this theory is the relationship between employer and employee. According to the Human relation theory people’s needs are decisive factors in achieving an organisation’s objectives. Individuals cannot be treated in isolation, but function with group members. Contingency Theories From the late 1950s, a new approach to organisation theory was developed which became known as contingency theory. According to this theory, there is no one best way to structure an organisation. When deciding on how it should be structured, how it should be organized and how it should be managed, an organisation will face a range of choices. Successful organisations adopt appropriate structures in response to a number of variables, or contingencies, which influence both the needs of the organisation and how it works. Theorists in favour of the contingency approach recommend a diagnosis of people/ task/ technology/environment – then suggest the development of appropriate solutions (e.g. Pugh).