Discounted Cash Flow Techniques - 2294 Words

ANALYSIS FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 10TH Edition Robert C. Higgins Additional Problems Chapter 7 – Discounted Cash Flow Techniques page 247 A brief tutorial on Excel financial functions (problems to follow) You may find the following Excel, built-in financial functions helpful when analyzing the problems below. (To access these functions, select Insert, Functions, and choose Financial.) =PV(rate, nper, pmt, fv, type) returns the present value of a series of cash flows. =FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type) returns the future value of a series of cash flows. =PMT(rate, nper, pv, fv, type) calculates the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.†¦show more content†¦He presents this as obvious proof of gouging on the part of the money changers. Do you agree? Why, why not? 5) In 1984, the city council of the town of Patterson agreed that their community badly in need of a modern hotel that would cost approximately $25 million. To finance construction members of the council organized the Patterson Hotel Corporation. Through strenuous promotion they raised $15 million by selling 15,000 shares of stock at $1,000 per share. They secured the other $10 million necessary to build the hotel as a loan provided by a local bank on a 10 year, 14 percent mortgage that called for uniform annual payments sufficient to pay interest and to extinguish the debt at the end of 10 years. Upon completion, the Patterson Hotel Corporation leased the hotel to a national company that operated a chain of hotels. The lease ran for 30 years and contained a clause permitting the lessee to purchase the hotel for $10 million at the end of the 30-year period. The lessee agreed to furnish the hotel and pay all taxes (including income taxes) and operating expenses, and was to meet the interest and repayment obligations on the mortgage during the first 10 years of the lease. During the last 20 years of the lease, the operating company agreed to make payments sufficient to permit annual dividends of $400 per share. No payments at all were to be made to the stockholders during the first 10 years. This was the most favorable operatingShow MoreRelatedJet Blue Case Ipo1175 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol of management and is expensive. There are Free Cash Flow techniques and relative valuation techniques that we can use to value Jetblue’s share, however we are going to use the Free Cash Flow technique for this case as this is an IPO and the company had no history whatsoever that we can rely on except by using its similar competitor statistics and assumptions to value Jetblue. In conclusion, we have calculated that using Free Cash Flow technique, the share price is $57 and therefore the currentRead MoreValuation Is The Price Of Everything, But The Value Of Nothing1646 Words   |  7 Pagesan effect on corporate decisions, including projects to develop and where to find funds, and on the dividend policy. In such a way to study the topic, we will discuss first the Net Asset Value and its advantages and disadvantages, then the Discounted cash flow method and to finish the dividend discount model. The net asset value (NAV) method measures the value of a fund’s assets. It enables investors to analyse a fund’s performance market and industry standards such as Moody’s. The NAV is theRead MoreEssay on Capital 20Budget 20Analysis 20Group 20P1648 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with the different sale ranges. Keywords: NPV, NPV Profile, NPV, IRR, multiple IRRs, ranking conflict of NPV vs. IRR, payback period, profitability index, discount rate, cost of capital concept, cash flow analysis, cash flow timeline, conventional cash flow stream, non-conventional cash flow stream, sunk cost, opportunity cost, independent projects, mutually exclusive projects Overview of the Capital Budgeting Process Every business requires some source of funds to maintain operationRead MoreQuestions On Financial Concepts On Valuation1717 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four main parts in the manager’s work box for investment valuation opportunities.  ¬ Net Present Values  ¬ Accounting rated of return  ¬ Real Options  ¬ Payback rules NPV implement require estimates of appropriate discount rate and expected cash flows. And there’s the rub. This is only of use of information at the time of assessment. NPV method was first time developed for bonds value. Little investors in bonds can do it for alternative the final principal paid or yield rate and coupon they receiveRead MoreJetblue Ipo Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages(transparency) * IPO expenses | * Liquidity of stock increases | * Owner restricted to immediate cash-out | * Easier to raise capital in the future | * Sharing of future earnings with outsiders | | * Legal liability | Exhibit A in the appendix outlines some additional key advantages and disadvantages of going public through the IPO process. IPO Valuation Techniques Deriving a value for an IPO is the critical part of the process. In both fixed price and book building offersRead MoreGuillermo Furniture Analysis1411 Words   |  6 Pagesalternatives Guillermo Furniture may use and will include a sensitivity analysis. Financial and valuation topics covered will include net present value (NPV) and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and will discuss how these alternatives, or techniques, are used to reduce risk. Guillermo Navallez is the successful owner of Guillermo Furniture for many years now. Located in Sonora, Mexico, Guillermos store is specialized in custom made chairs, tables, and many other handcrafted productsRead MorePrince S.A.: valuation of a cross border joint-venture Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesmulti-currency cash flows, currency risk and political risk being taken into account in our valuation model? 4. What is the relevant cost of capital for Jersey? For R.T. Nakit? Can they be different? Why? 5. What is the Dinar (Pound) value of the joint venture R.T. Nakit (jersey)? What are the project’s value drivers? 1- The data presented on exhibit 3.7 is, indeed following some of the assumptions stated on exhibit 3.1: minimum cash level is 10% of total assets, which was proved by dividing cash by totalRead MoreCost of Capital Using Discounted Cash Flow Approach1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn finance, the discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a method of valuing a project, company or asset using the concepts of time value of money (Wikipedia, 2004). Three inputs are required to use the DCF, also called dividend-yield-plus-growth-rate approach, include: the current stock price, the current dividend, and the marginal investor’s expected dividend growth rate. The stock price and the dividend are east to obtain, but the expected growth rate is difficult to estimate (Ehrhardt BrighamRead MoreThe Issue Bonds Generally Go Through A Series Of Steps894 Words   |  4 Pagesdebt financing of capital investments. Leasing offers the use that is usually the option to obtain capital benefit. For ot her cooperatives, certain changes in the economy might give strength to cooperatives to try to distinguish and to advance both cash flow and profit accomplishment through the use of long-term capital leasing plans. 3. Discuss the two major types of leases. There are two type of leases the operating and the capital. Operating leases is sometimes called a service lease that generallyRead MoreValuation of Kia Motors2358 Words   |  10 Pages Date: Jan 30, 2013 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Valuation Methodology 2 2.1. Discounted Cash Flow 2 2.2. Terminal Value 3 2.3. Weighted Average Cost of Capital 3 2.3.1 Cost of Equity 4 2.3.2 Cost of Debt 4 2.4. Free Cash Flow 4 3. Calculation of WACC for Kia motors 5 4. Calculation of Free Cash Flow for Kia motors 5 5. Estimation of the value for Kia motors at the end of 2011 6 6. Conclusion 6 References 7 Appendix -1 8

Sociology Internal Assessment - 2451 Words

Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment 2011 | Student Name: Kadeesha Rianna Alexander | | Class: Form Six (6) Upper Modern Studies | Centre Number: 160002Registration Number: 1600020930 | 4/28/2011 | | Table of Contents Introduction and Purpose of Research Literature Review Data Collection Sources Presentation of Findings Interpretation of Findings Discussion Conclusion/Limitations of the Research/Recommendations Bibliography Appendices Introduction A.S.J.A. Girls’ College, San Fernando started off as a school where students gained entry on a private level and was located at†¦show more content†¦Like Durkheim, Malinoski (1954) see religion as reinforcing social norms and values and promoting social solidarity. Conversely, he does not see religion as reflecting a society as a whole and its rituals as the worship of society. He believes that emotional stress for example, death, threatens social solidarity and anxiety and tension tend to disrupt social life. * In Tischler (2004) from the Conflict Theory Perspective, Karl Marx stated that the dominant ideas of each age have always been the ideas of the ruling class hence; the dominant religion of the society is that of the ruling class. He states that religion of the society is that of the ruling class. He states that religion is a tool used by the upper class to control the minds of the lower class. He referred to it as the â€Å"opiate of the masses† which t ranslates that religion keeps conformity to the ruling class by making opposition to the laws of the ruling class seems religiously immoral. Reference could be made to political or religious leaders that teach their followers to show contentment with â€Å"eating little and living long† whilst they are satisfied with extravagant living obtained from the hard work and pockets of the poorer masses. However, the ruling class does not have full power over the working class since they may not always obey the laws. Like the Marxist, Caribbean sociologists share different views about religion and its functions since the society isShow MoreRelatedWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 Pageshealth psychology, neuropsychology, counseling psychology or occupational psychology etc. However, clinical psychology and counseling psychology are the two main aspects which focusing on emotional problems. Clinical Psychology is mainly focusing on assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders. It often works in a medical setting. However, Clinical psychologists are not doctors as they cannot provide medicine service for patients. Beside mental health, clinical psychologists alsoRead MoreOrganizational behavior1577 Words   |  7 Pagesto the existing organizational environment. The concept applies in a diverse workplace setting in different ways and had diverse impacts to the organization. Organizational behavior field includes communication, sociology, psychology, and management. The concept is subject to both internal and external factors affecting the organization. The formula for success in business as noted by Millstein et al. (1998, p.7) requires two elements including the external environment and the individual. Major scholarsRead MoreOld Age And Aging : Conclusion From The Berlin Aging Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesabout old age and aging and in contras t using new questions and findings from BASE, the correct response was revealed. Additionally, these findings were classified in line with the different related main disciplines –Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Psychiatry, Psychology, Sociology and Social Policy. They examined whether certain groups of older people or patterns of aging can be distinguished. Finally, in the light of BASE findings, they considered whether current images of old age are too positiveRead MoreThe Concept of Sociological Perspective of Deviance Essays1127 Words   |  5 Pagessociety; deviance in sociology can be viewed as criminal or non-criminal. Those violations can vary from ones participation in alcoholism, excessive gambling, public nudity, arson (playing with fire), theft, lying, and refusal to maintain proper hygiene (refusal to bathe). Other acts of deviance can include; prostitution and engaging in sexual activity with members of the same sex. Because ones behavior can be determined as a crime from one society to another; understanding sociology allows a better understandingRead MoreTeaching Theories Within The Classroom980 Words   |  4 Pagesher own views on the different teaching theories within the classroom. There are several circumstances that will be discussed in this paper such as purpose of schooling, nature of learners, curriculum, instructional methods, classroom management, assessment practices and professional relationships with family and community. These are based off of research and philosophy of special education of the author’s beliefs. Purpose of Schooling The purpose of schooling is to allow students to be more awareRead MoreAnalysis Of The Roy Adaptation Model ( Ram ) Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagestheorist. Sister Callista Roy, PhD, RN, FAAN currently holds the position of professor and nursing theorist at Boston College Connell School of Nursing. Roy held master’s degrees in pediatric nursing and sociology at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and also held doctoral degree in sociology. She completed post doc in neuroscience at University of California, San Francisco (Boston College Connell School of Nursing, 2016). Roy is well-known and most highly recognized a living nurse theoristRead MoreBackground Of Roy Adaptation Model ( Ram )1495 Words   |  6 Pagestheorist. Sister Callista Roy, PhD, RN, FAAN currently holds the position of professor and nursing theorist at Boston College Connell School of Nursing. Roy held master’s degrees in pediatric nursing and sociology at University of California, Los Ange les (UCLA), and also held doctoral degree in sociology. She completed post doc in neuroscience at University of California, San Francisco (Boston College Connell School of Nursing, 2016). Roy is well-known and most highly recognized a living nurse theoristRead MoreSOCIOLOGY IA Final Kill2756 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Sociology Internal Assessment Name: Jevene Thomas Candidate Registration #: 100032 School Center: Ewarton High School School Center #: 100032 Territory: Jamaica Date Submitted: March 2015 Teacher’s Name: Mrs. Scott – Jackson Table of contents CHAPTER PAGE Acknowledgement II Introduction 1 – 2 Statement of Problem 3 Aim and Objectives 4 Literature Review 5 – 6 Research Design 7 Sample Selection 8 Data collection instrument 9 Presentation of Data 10 – 14 Analysis of Data 15 - 16 Finding 17 DiscussionRead MoreSample Resume : Nursing Theory1337 Words   |  6 Pagesaccordingly. Nursing theory can change nursing practice in all fields of nursing. ​Sister Callista Roy is an admired nursing theorist in the world today. Roy was born in Los Angeles, California in 1939. She earned various degrees nursing as well as in sociology. She worked as a staff nurse and in administration for many years, she later joined the faculty within the university and served as department chair. Sister Roy is best known for developing the Roy Adaptation Model as a framework for theory and practiceRead MoreInternational Accounting1598 Words   |  7 Pagestutes and assessment co-ordinated Recording of lectures - 2 hours Lectures each week (12 weeks + 1 review on week 13) - 90 minutes Tutorial each week –†¯ Discussion of weekly assignment and questions from previous week s lecture topic –†¯ Case Study †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Oral presentations (2/3 students each tutorial) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Judgement and Decision Making tasks (all students are expected to provide a written proof during the tutorial) AYB 311 - Dr Amedeo Pugliese Overview of AYB311: the assessment Assessment –†¯ Case

The Beastie Boys Anthology The Sounds of Science free essay sample

The Beastie Boys Anthology: The Sounds ofScience shouldnt be confused with a greatest hits album. Although it does contain many of their best songs, its more of an audio timeline of the band. This collection defines the group and how they got to be wherethey are. The two-disc album contains some of their early punk songsreminiscent of the New York hard-core bands of the late ?s and early ?s. Italso contains their textbook, old-school hip-hop sound that originated in NewYork in the early ?s. This sound is present on Slow and Low,Brass Monkey and the bands anthem, Fight for your Right. My favorite on the album is Three MCs and One DJ, which wasrecorded in one take with Mix Master Mike on the turntables and Mike D, Adrockand MCA rapping. This song is hip-hop boiled down to its purest form. Anothergreat track is Fatboy Slims remix of Body Movin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beastie Boys Anthology: The Sounds of Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He brings a technofeel to the song by remixing it like no one else could. This albumillustrates how the Beastie Boys were doing the whole rock/rap fusion nearly adecade before Limp Bizket and Korn came along. With songs likeSabotage, So Whatcha Want and RemoteControl, the band shows off their musical skills. Overall, this is agreat album and a must-have for any Beastie Boys fan.

Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non

Introduction This essay focuses on Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. Brown and Levinson developed this theory in 1987.The theory focuses on politeness strategies between native and non-native speakers in the context of Brown and Levinson politeness theory. In this essay, I will apply this framework to one data one part of the dataset collected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The data is from two interviews, one with a native speaker and one with a non native speaker. I have chosen this sort of data because it fits within the parameters of my framework and it has not been the subject of extensive research. Literature Review Politeness Concepts There are universal principles that govern human interaction and this awakening makes the politeness phenomenon t o be considered in this universality. The aspects of politeness are thus reflected in language. It has been found that however societies may be isolated from each other; they have an array of politeness elements governed by certain principles. But one should take care to imagine that what is considered polite runs through societies. However, what is considered polite differs from one society to the other. What is universal is the fact that is the fact that nearly all societies exhibit their elements of politeness in their language(brown Levinson 1987).Thus, although there have been notable confluences between politeness and the field of sociology, there have also been great strides made in the other fields of linguistics such as pragmatics, sociolinguistics etc. Roberts (1992) conceptualizes politeness from the notion of face saving. He notes that when people put the feelings of other people into consideration, the do it in such a way that they speak or put things across in a manner likely to greatly reduce the potential of threat in the interaction (Roberts 1992). On the other hand, Nordquist (2012) perceives politeness as exhibiting itself through deviation from that communication which is maximally efficient. In this context, Nordquist (1992) notes that â€Å"†¦to perform an act other than in the most clear and efficient manner possible is to implicate some degree of politeness on the part of the speaker† (p.1). Watts as cited by Abbas (n.d) argue that politeness as one that one that displays the natural attributes of a good character or rather the that capacity to please others through one’s external actions, thereby producing a kind of union between those characters and the individual, giving a more precise definition of politeness. Anglesa (n.d) states that politeness as a way through which languages express the social distance between speakers and their different role relationships, how face-work, that is, the attempt to establish, ma intain and save face during conversation is carried out in a speech community.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several scholars such as Hickley (1991) and Brown Levinson (1987) have gone to great lengths to differentiate politeness orientations within the context of different cultures (Anglesa n.d, p.1). In this context, several notions of politeness have emerged that is positive and negative politeness. According to Abbas (n.d), a positive politeness strategy is one that is directed to the addressee’s positive face, their perennial desire that their â€Å"wants-or the actions, acquisitions, values resulting from them-should be thought of as desirable† (p.15). Anglesa (n.d) concurs with Abbas by noting that positive politeness strategies always strive to show intimacy that occurs or arises between the speaker and the hearer. Kitamura (2000), notes that positive po liteness is usually expressed by satisfying positive face. This is done through indicating the similarities among interactants, and by expressing an appreciation of the self image of the interlocutor. On the other hand, negative politeness strategies constitute those strategies which stress on non-imposition upon the hearer and also express deference (Anglesa n.d). In this context, Abbas (n.d) notes that negative politeness attends to a person’s negative face needs and includes indirectness and apologies (p.17). Kitamura (2000) summarizes the concepts of negative politeness strategies by noting that how negative politeness can be expressed in two ways: 1) by saving the interlocutor’s face (either negative or positive face) by mitigating face threatening acts, such as advice-giving and disapproval; or 2) by satisfying negative face by indicating respect for addressee’s right not to be imposed on. Overview of the politeness theories and principles Before discussin g the Brown Levinson politeness theories, it is critical to discuss several approaches to politeness. These approaches either compete or offer building blocks to the Brown Levinson politeness theory. Such approaches include â€Å"†¦the theory of politeness principle, Grice’s cooperative principle, Leech’s maxims of politeness, and Sperber Wilson’s relevance theory† (Abbas n.d, p.5). Davies (2000) views Grice’s cooperative principle is an assumed basic concept in pragmatics. Hughes (n.d) defines Grice’s cooperative principle as the assumption that we make when speaking to one another is that we are trying to cooperate with one another in order to construct worthy and meaningful conversations. Grice as cited by Davies (2000) formally states the cooperative principle in the following way. â€Å"Make your contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which yo u are engaged† (Davies 2000, p.2). Cooperation in the context of Grice’s cooperative principle â€Å"†¦is a term used in linguistic literature to characterise human behaviour in a conversation† (Davies 2000, p.1)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are four maxims that are postulated by the Grice’s cooperative principles including quantity, quality, relation, and manner maxims. The quantity maxim requires one to be truthful by not uttering what lacks required evidence and whatever that is false (Heron 2010, p.2). The relation maxim is concerned about the relevance of the content. The quantity maxim requires one not to say more or less than what is necessary (Heron 2010, p.2). The manner maxims require one to avoid obscurity and ambiguit y (Heron 2010, p.2). According to the University of Rome (UoR) (2012), Leech â€Å"†¦defines politeness as a type of behaviours that allows the participants to engage in social interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony† (p.2). Leech proposed several politeness maxims which have varying degrees of importance. According to UoR (2012), the Leech’s maxims include tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. Universidad de Zaragoza (n.d) summarized Leech’s maxims in the following ways Tact maxim: minimise cost to other; (maximise benefit to other) Generosity maxim: minimise benefit to self; (maximise cost to self) Approbation maxim: minimise dispraise of other Agreement maxim: minimise disagreement between self and other Sympathy maxim: minimise antipathy between self and other (Zaragoza n.d, p.1)Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Sperber Wilson’s relevance theory is based on a definition of relevance and two principles of relevance. These include a cognitive principle (that human cognition is geared to the maximisation of relevance), and a communicative principle that utterances create expectations of optimal relevance (Wilson Sperber, 2002). Brown Levinson politeness theory In order to understand the theory of politeness and face, it is mandatory to understand the vocabularies associated with the theory. In this context, the introductory part of this essay will concentrate on the definitions of basic terminologies associated with the theory of politeness and face. Some of the terminologies that will be discussed include face, positive face, negative face, politeness, face threatening acts and model persons, among others. One of the major underlying assumptions of the Brown Levinson politeness theory is the existence of the model person taking part in a conversation. Brown Levinson as cited b y Kwon Ha (2009) defined â€Å"†¦Model Persons as agents fulfilling the linguistic politeness† (p.3). Pikor-Niedzialek (2005) perceives a model person as â€Å"†¦a wilful and fluent speaker of a natural language, endowed with two special properties-rationality and face† (p.108). In this context, the model person is assumed to be inherited with two specific features that include Rationality and Face† (Kwon Ha, 2009). The model person can be seen as the embodiment of universally valid human social characteristics and principles of social reasoning. These principles behind social reasoning can be perceived as rational. More specifically, Kwon Ha (2009) define rationality in the context of model person as the â€Å"†¦ability to choose appropriate means to meet their (social) goals† (p.3). In this sense, model person will always act in a rational way and make appropriate (linguistic) choices when s/he wants to achieve particular goals (Kwon H a 2009, p.3). When individuals try to create certain impressions to their hearers (create face), there are certain acts that impede on the achievement of such impressions. Such acts are generally referred to as Face Threatening Acts (FTAs). Brown Levinson as cited by Nall (n.d) defined FTAs as acts and strategies which could harm or threaten the positive or negative face of one’s interlocutors (p.1).According to Wagner (2002), Brown Levinson utilized FTAs using â€Å"†¦two basic parameters:(1) whose face is being threatened (the speaker’s or the addressee’s), and (2) Which type of face is being threatened (positive- or negative –face).† (p.22). Wagner (2002) gives several FTAs threatening a positive or negative face. In this context, Wagner (2002) argue that acts that threaten an addressee’s positive face include those acts in which a speaker demonstrates that he/she does not approve or support the addressee’s positive face or self image (p.22). According to Brown Levinson as cited by Fukada Asato (2003), there are five strategies of alleviating FTAs. These strategies include â€Å"†¦ (1) Without redressive action (2) by positive politeness (3) by negative politeness (4) by going off record; and (5) by not doing the FTA† (Fukada Asato 2003, p.2). In the context of FTA alleviation strategies, Longscope (n.d) groups such strategies under positive or negative politeness as part of alleviation of FTAs with redressive action. In order to enhance the knowledge on FTAs alleviation, Longscope (n.d) defines the concepts of â€Å"on record† and â€Å"off record† in the context of FTAs. Longscope (n.d) opines that â€Å"†¦the term on record is used when an expression has one unambiguously attributable intention in which witnesses would concur† (p.71). There are three factors used in the determination of the seriousness of the FTAs that is â€Å"(1) the social distance (D) of the speaker (S) and hearer (H); (2) the relative power (P) of (S) and (H); and (3) the absolute ranking (R) of the imposition in the particular culture† (Wagner 2002, p.2). According to Brown Levinson as cited by Fukada Asato (2003), there is a formula for evaluating the serious of a Face Threatening Act (x) based on the three factors. The following formula was proposed by Brown Levinson for use in the evaluation of the seriousness of FTAs. â€Å"Seriousness X= Distance (S, H) + Power (H, S) + Rank of imposition (x)† (Wagner 2002, p.2). Power (P) is a factor that Brown Levinson have greatly used. This means that power differentials play a great role in politeness. That is, individuals with lower relative power are usually predetermined to use larger politeness elements in discourse. There is a great correlation between the superiors and subordinates employ elements of politeness in speech acts. So subordinates may use far more laborious constructions while addressin g their superiors as in the sentence: Excuse me, I was wondering if you could grant me an opportunity for an interview? From the sentence one can see that power as a function of politeness does vary greatly. The same applies to the social distance (D).Negative tactics that do play a greater role in establishing this distance between both the hearer and the speaker. Brown Levinson do feel that humans use speech acts do play an important role in politeness strategies. There are on-record speech acts and off-record speech acts as the one in the sentence: Have you got money? One can see that here the speech acts refer to what the action they want performed in a peculiar way. Requests on the other hand clearly serve as good examples of face threatening acts since they show the speaker’s expectation for an action to be performed. This means that whatever is requested is to be on the speaker’s behalf. Thus, speech acts do constitute several parts such as locutionary act which is a communicative act; illocutionary act, which reflects speaker’s intention and perlocutionary act which shows the effect a speech act has on the world of the participant’s context. Ranking of imposition equally plays a crucial role in politeness. It can be seen that some impositions have been found to be greater than others. This is why requests have been considered to be of high imposition threats. Since they demand more redress to lower their threat level. Central to the Brown Levinson politeness theory are the actions of the Model Person (MP). In this context, the actions of MP are summarized as as threefold: (1) as a reference model for the description of culture –specific styles of verbal interaction; as a means of characterizing, (2) the ‘ethos’ of a culture and subculture, and (3) the affective quality of social relationships (p.109).Brown Levinson politeness theory is derived from various arguments that Brown Levinson made in their va rious works. In this context, Fukada Asato (2003) notes that â€Å"†¦Brown Levinson argue that every member of the society has a face, which is defined as one’s public self-image, and when the speaker decides to commit an act which potentially causes the hearer (or the speaker) to lose face, the speaker will tend to use a politeness strategy in order to minimize risk† (p.1). Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) summarizes the key Brown Levinson universal politeness theory concepts in the following way. (1) All MPs have positive face and negative face, and all MPs are rational  agents – i.e. choose means that will satisfy their ends. (2) Given that face consists in sets of wants satisfable (sic) only by the actions of others, it will in general be to the mutual interest of two MP’s not to threaten each other’s face. (3) Some acts intrinsically threaten face; these ‘face-threatening acts’ are referred to as FTA’ s. (4) S (speaker) wi ll want to minimize the face threat of the FTA. (5) The greater the risk of an FTA, the more S will want to choose a higher numbered strategy (from the set of strategies at his disposal to minimize face risk) (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.109). There are several ways of demonstrating either positive or negative politeness strategies. Brown Levinson as cited by Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) identified â€Å"†¦15 sub strategies of positive politeness and 10 of negative politeness† (p.109). These 15 subcategories of politeness include: 1. Notice, attended to (H) (his interests, wants, needs, goods), 2. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H), 3. Intensify interest to (H), 4.distinction of identity, 5.Arrive at consensus, 6. Be a team player, 7.Presuppose, raise, and assert common ground, 8. Joke, 9. Assert, presuppose S’s knowledge of, and concern for H’s wants, 10. Offer, promise, 11. Be optimistic, 12. Include both (S) and (H) in the activity, 13. Give (or a sk for) reasons, 14.Assume or assert reciprocity, 15. Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation). The sub strategies of negative politeness Brown and Levinson (1987:131) include the following: 1. Be conventionally indirect, 2. Question, hedge, 3. Be pessimistic, 4. Minimize the imposition FTA, 5. Give deference, 6. Apologize, 7.avoid personalization of (S) and (H), 8. Generalize FTA, 9. Nominalize, 10. Accept liability (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.110). There are several assumptions made in the context of Brown Levinson politeness theory. Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) enumerates basic assumptions that support the Brown Levinson universal politeness theory in the following way. (i)’face’, consists of (a) negative face: free from inhibition (b) positive face: the positive, consistent self-image or ‘personality’ (Crucially including the desire for this self – to be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants. (ii) Certain rational capacities, in particular consistent modes of reasoning from ends to the means that will achieve those ends.(Pikor-Niedziakel 2005, p.109). Criticism of the theory Several scholars have over the years criticized Brown Levinson theory. Some of these scholars include Liao, Watts et al., and Kasper amongst others (Pikor-Niedziakel 2005). These criticisms have been summarized by Escandell-Vidal and Meier amongst others (Pikor-Niedziakel, 2005). According to Pikor-Niedziakel (2005), criticism to Brown Levinson theory are conceptualized along the universality of the politeness principles and the distinction between positive and negative politeness. On the other hand, Hickey Orta (n.d) perceive the criticisms of the Brown Levinson politeness theory from four dimensions. Both situational and and cultural contexts miss in Brown Levinson theory. There is also the problem emanating from the rigidity of the politeness scale as placed in relation to the various sociological variables. One c an see that Brown and Levinson’s list of strategies of politeness only cover simple goal oriented interactions. These include interactions such as asking to borrow something from the next person. This theory seems to ignore that in real discourse such single utterances only form part of larger exchanges between two or even more interractants. Issues such as back channelling are totally given a wide berth by the theory. Further, Brown and Levinson seem to ignore the fact that some conversations are usually casual and do not necessarily involve a predetermined goal. One of the scholars who questioned the universality of the Brown Levinson politeness theory is Blum-Kulka (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272).Blum-Kulka based her criticism of the Brown Levinson theory on her study of the Hebrew language. In contrast to the Brown Levinson politeness provisions, Blum-Kulka notes that â€Å"†¦for Israelis a certain adherence to the pragmatic clarity of the message is an essential part of politeness† (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). In this context, the lengthening of the inferential path beyond reasonable limits increases the degree of the imposition and hence decreases the level of politeness (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). Blum-Kulka observations contradict Brown Levinson politeness theory in a fundamental way. Brown Levinson politeness theory provides that in order to demonstrate linguistic politeness or save face, it might be necessary to length one’s conversational sentences beyond what is necessary to convey the message. However, Blum-Kulka notes that this lengthening of the sentence or use of FTA alleviating strategy in the context of Hebrew language may actually be considered as impolite. She notes that the language encourages clarity, brevity and a certain straight forwardness that may not be permissible in the English language in order to demonstrate linguistic politeness. This directly contradicts the Brown Levinson politeness theory. Brown Levin son has addressed Blum-Kulka’s observations in one major way. They note that some societies place a higher value on a superior’s time than others. In this context, they note Blum-Kulka’s efficiency factor which only works in societies that place a high value on a superior’s time (Hickey Orta n.d, p.272). Such efficiency factor is absent in communities that don’t place a premium value on the superiors’ time such as the Arabs. Both Hickey Orta (n.d) and Pikor-Niedziakel (2005), note there is a deficiency in the formulation of the positive and negative politeness strategies. In this context, Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) argues that Brown Levinson categorized many FTA’s as threatening both negative and positive face. In the same light, Pikor-Niedziakel (2005) suggests that positive politeness is relevant to all aspects of a person’s positive face, whereas negative politeness is FTA-specific. Thus, negative politeness serves to redres s the threat of a particular FTA; positive politeness has a more general redressive function (p.273). In this context,Pikor-Niedzialek (2005) note that Brown Levinson politeness theory is a robust way of looking at linguistic politeness. All in all I find the politeness theory as being as presenting a proper background to insights into politeness strategies across many languages of the world. Method The type of data I am analysing is my interviews. This method has got several advantages since through them it is easy for one to gain in-depth insights and context into the topic. Further, since the interviews do target certain specific areas of interest to the study, the respondents therefore only describe what is important to them. Also the interviews are crucial since the data collected involves quotes that directly contain what the discourse markers that the research is greatly interested in. Though the interviews are used, they have some disadvantages since they are time consuming and expensive compared to other data collection methods. Also to an extent, the interviews do seem intrusive to the respondents, thereby causing some ethical concerns The data that I have collected is quite useful in the research as it contains the elements that can be handled appropriately by the theoretical framework postulated. For instance the data contains discourse markers for example the uses of â€Å"yeah†. These tends to occur at the very beginning of an utterance and they serve two roles which include signalling a transition as the conversation evolves, while at the same time the discourse markers do reflect an interactive relationship between the speaker and also the person to whom the message is addressed. The data contains the use of sounds which are clearly shown indicated. All these elements could be analysed against the politeness theory as postulated by Brown and Levinson. Since data collected involves human respondents, ethics is an issue that is crucial to the respondents. Since the respondents will probably be expressing their issues freely, there is need to protect their identity. This research will do so by referring to the respondents as either native speaker (NS) or non-native speaker (NNS). Their real names will not be used in the collected data. Further they will be informed beforehand that they are being interviewed for purposes of research only. This means that their anonymity will be preserved and also their names and addresses and other information about them that could be used to identify them shall be confidential. But there are cases where the native countries of the respondents may be revealed. In these cases, the results of the research will have limited access. Minors and members of the vulnerable groups will not be used as their participation may cause grave ethical issues. All in all the participants will not be coerced. The respondents will voluntarily participate and be told of their freedom to withdraw at any ti me they may deem necessary. This means that a respondent information sheet will be provided to all the respondents, providing them with clear information concerning the research and the need for their consent to be given. Research objective/question This essay seeks to evaluate the ways in which S influences H’s behaviour in the context of interviewing native and non native speakers. Research methodology The research methodology will be the examination of the two interviews between the native speakers and non native speakers in order to determine the honorifics used in those interviews. Findings The notion of politeness can be observed in the way the two answer questions set to them. Interview with non native speaker Do you like shopping? Yah: I like it a lot. Interview with native speaker First, I would like to ask you what food you like Ok (.) I like sea food :: AAAAA I like BBQ AAAA there is not really a lot of food I do not like AAAA in terms of style of cooking (.)AA Amm I guess if I try something I don’t like it yap CAPS The native speaker uses face saving aspects by elaborating on the type of food he likes in the contrast to the non native speaker who is more direct. This can be partially attributed to the challenges in the language. Interview with non native speaker A- Do you prefer big or small centres? Why? B- AAAA probably big centers (.) they have more options, more stores It can be seen from this excerpt that the non native speaker here hesitates in responding to A by using AAAA. Interview with native speaker (A) So, this means you like buying and trying new foods rather than preparing them yourself. (B)Oh no , I prefer to make it CAPS but because Imm I need to organize everything by myself I thought it is much easier when I was living with people because you could share? you know things or do it together with people you make sure there is time to organize you know grocery shopping which makes things hard to cook. From this inter view the respondent appears more at ease and even hesitates a bit by using Imm before proceeding with speech. Further, the respondent says: You know things†¦. Discussion From the data there are sure elements of politeness. The non native speaker tends to be direct as opposed to the native speaker. Though the non native speaker at times hesitates, this is not for face saving but the hesitation shows that he/she is not sure on what to answer. The native speaker employs avoidance of imposition on the hearer for example he/she starts the sentence with, â€Å"You know†¦.† This strategy assumes that the hearer is imposed on. 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Retrieved from http://people.bu.edu/bfraser/Relevance%20Theory%20Oriented/Sperber%20%20Wilson%20-%20RT%20Revisited.pdf This essay on Politeness Strategies Between Native and Non-native Speakers inthe Context of Brown Levinson Politeness Theory was written and submitted by user Cardiac to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.